PHYLUM ARTHROPODA. INSECTS 



263 



Cursoria. Walking or running 

 Phasmatidae. Walkingsticks (Fig. 149) 

 Mantidae. Mantes (Fig. 154) 

 Blattidae. Cockroaches (Fig. 159) 

 Saltatoria. Leaping 



Tettigoniidae. Long-homed grasshoppers 



Gr\'llidae. Crickets 



Locustidae. Short-horned grasshoppers 



Order 5. Isoptera (Or. isos, equal; pteron, 

 wing). Termites or "white ants." Metamor- 

 phosis gradual; chewing mouth parts; two pairs 

 of long, narrow wings laid flat on back, or 

 wingless; abdomen joined broadly to thorax; 

 social insects living in colonies (p. 253). Ex. 

 Reticulitermes flavipes (Fig. 152). 



Order 6. Neuroptera (Gr. neuron, nerve). 

 Dobson or hellgrammite, aphislions, antlions, 

 and others. Metamorphosis complete; chewing 

 mouth parts; 4 similar membranous wings, 

 usually with many veins and cross veins; no 

 abdominal cerci; larvae carnivorous, some with 

 suctorial mouth parts; tracheal gills usually 

 present on aquatic larvae. Ex. Lacewing (Fig. 

 129). 



Order 7. Ephemeroptera (Ephemerida) 

 (Gr. ephemeros, living but a day). Mayflies 

 (Fig. 129). Metamorphosis incomplete; mouth 

 parts of adult, vestigial; two pairs of mem- 

 branous, triangular wings; forewings larger 

 than hindwings; caudal filament and cerci very 

 long. Ex. Ephemera simulans, which is an im- 

 portant fish food. 



Order 8. Odonata (Gr. odous, tooth). 

 Dragonflies and damselflies. Metamorphosis 

 incomplete; chewing mouth parts; two pairs 

 of membranous wings; hindwings as large as 

 or larger than forewings; large compound eyes; 

 small antennae; no cerci; naiads aquatic; both 

 naiads and adults, predaceous. Ex. Anax Junius. 



Order 9. Plecoptera (Gr. pleko, fold). 

 Stoneflies (Fig. 129). Metamorphosis incom- 

 plete; chewing mouth parts, often undeveloped 

 in adults; two pairs of wings, the hindwings 

 usually larger and folded beneath forewings; 

 tarsus with three segments; naiad aquatic, often 

 with tufts of tracheal gills. Ex. Allocapnia 

 pygmaea. 



Order 10. Corrodentia (Psocoptera) (L. 

 corrodenSy gnawing). Psocids and booklice 

 (Fig. 159). Metamorphosis gradual; chewing 

 mouth parts; wingless or with two pairs of 



membranous wings that have few, prominent 

 veins; forewings larger than hindwings; wings, 

 when at rest, held over body like sides of a 

 roof. Ex. Liposcelis divinatorius. 



Order 11. Mallophaga (Gr. mallos, wool). 

 Biting lice (Fig. 158). Gradual metamorphosis; 

 chewing mouth parts; wings absent; eyes de- 

 generate. Ex. Menopon gallinae, common 

 chicken louse. 



Order 12. Embioptera (Gr. embios, lively). 

 Embiids (Fig. 129). Metamorphosis gradual; 

 chewing mouth parts; wingless or with two 

 pairs of delicate, membranous wings, contain- 

 ing few veins, and folded on the back when at 

 rest; cerci of two segments. Ex. Embia texana. 



Order 13. Thysanoptera (Gr. thysanos, 

 fringe). Thrips (Fig. 129). Metamorphosis 

 gradual; rasping mouth parts; wingless or with 

 two pairs of similar, long, narrow, membranous 

 wings with few or no veins, and fringed with 

 long hairlike structures; prothorax large and 

 free; tarsi with two or three segments terminat- 

 ing in a bladderlike, protrusible vesicle. Ex. 

 Thrips tabaci, onion thrips. 



Order 14. Anoplura (Gr. anoplos, unarmed; 

 oura, tail). Sucking lice. Gradual metamorpho- 

 sis; piercing and sucking mouth parts; wing- 

 less; ectoparasites on mammals; eyes poorly 

 developed or absent; tarsus with one segment 

 bearing a single, large, curved claw adapted for 

 clinging to hair of host. Ex. Pediculus humanus 

 corporis (Fig. 160), body louse. 



Order 15. Hemiptera (Gr. hemi, half). 

 True bugs. Metamorphosis gradual; piercing 

 and sucking mouth parts; wingless or with two 

 pairs of wings; forewings thickened at base; 

 labium forms a jointed beak in which the 

 slender, piercing maxillae and mandibles move; 

 a few families as follows: 



Aquatic 



Corixidae. Water boatmen 

 Notonectidae. Back swimmers 

 Belostomatidae. Water bugs 

 Gerridae. Water striders (Fig. 149) 



Terrestrial 



Miridae. Leaf bugs 



Cimicidae. Bedbugs (Fig. 159) 



Reduviidae. Kissing bugs (Fig. 160) 



Tingidae. Lace bugs 



Lygacidae. Chinch bugs (Fig. 157) 



