PHYLUM ARTHROPODA. INSECTS 



265 



Saturniidae. Giant silkworm moths 

 Bombycidae. Silkworm moths (Fig. 153) 



Families of Skippers, and Butterflies 



Hesperiidae. Skippers 



Papilionidae. Swallowtails 



Pieridae. Whites and yellows (Fig. 143) 



Nymphalidae. 4-footed butterflies 



Lycaenidae. Gossamer-wings 



Order 23. Diptera (Gr. dis, two). Flies 

 (Fig. 156). Metamorphosis complete; piercing 

 and sucking mouth parts forming proboscis; 

 wingless or with one pair of membranous fore- 

 wings; hindwings represented by knobbed 

 threads called halteres; larvae known as mag- 

 gots (Fig. 156); larval skin sometimes serves 

 as a cocoon and called a puparium; some of the 

 families are as follows: 



Tipulidae. Crane flies 



Tendipedidae (Chironomidae). Midges 



Psychodidae. Sand flies (Fig. 160) 



Culicidae. Mosquitoes 



Cecidomyidae. Gall gnats 



Syrphidae. Flower flies 



Trypetidae. Fruit flies 



Drosophilidae. Pomace flies 



Oestridae. Bot flies (Fig. 158) 



Calliphoridae. Blow flies 



Simuliidae. Black flies 



Tabanidae. Deer flies (Fig. 160) 



Bombyliidae. Bee flies 



Asilidae. Robber flies 



Sarcophagidae. Flesh flies 



Tachinidae. Tachinid flies 



Muscidae. Houseflies (Fig. 156) 



Hippoboscidae. Louse flies 



Braulidae. Bee lice 



Order 24. Siphouaptera (Gr. siphon, sucker; 

 a, without; pteron, wing). Fleas. (Fig. 160). 

 Metamorphosis complete; piercing and sucking 

 mouth parts; wingless; body laterally com- 

 pressed; head small; no compound eyes; legs 

 adapted for leaping; ectoparasites of mammals, 

 a few birds. Ex. Ctenocephalides felis, cat 

 flea. 



Order 25. Hymenoptera (Gr. hymen, mem- 

 brane). Ants, bees, wasps, etc. Metamorphosis 

 complete; chewing or sucking mouth parts; 

 wingless or with two pairs of membranous 



wings, forewings larger, venation reduced, 

 wings on each side held together by hook-j 

 (hamuli); females usually with sting, piercer, 

 or saw; some parasitic on other insects; som*': 

 of the families are as follows: 



Tenthredinidae. Sawflies 

 Braconidae. Braconids 

 Ichneumonidae. Ichneumons 

 Cynipidae. Gall wasps 

 Ghalcididae. Chalcids 

 Formicidae. Ants (Fig. 159) 

 Vespidae. Wasps 

 Sphecidae. Digger wasps 

 Andrcnidae. Mining bees 

 Megachilidae. Leaf cutters 

 Bombidae. Bumble bees 

 Apidae. Honey bees (Fig. 150) 



SELECTED COLLATERAL 

 READINGS 



Borror, D.}., and DeLong, D.M. An Introduc- 

 tion to the Study of Insects. Rinehart, New 

 York, 1954. 



Comstock, J.H. Introduction to Entomology. 

 Comstock, Ithaca, N.Y., 1940. 



Essig, E.G. College Entomology. Macmillan, 

 New York, 1942. 



Fernald, H.T., and Shepard, H.H. Applied En- 

 tomology. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1955. 



Graham, S.A. Forest Entomology. McGraw- 

 Hill, New York, 1952. 



Herms, W.B. Medical Entomolgy. Macmillan, 

 New York, 1950. 



Jaques, H.E. How to Know the Insects. Brown, 

 Dubuque, Iowa, 1941. 



Little, V.A. General and Applied Entomolgy. 

 Harpers, New York, 1957. 



Lutz, F.E. Field Book of Insects. Putnam, 

 New York, 1935. 



Matheson, Robert. Medical Entomology. Com- 

 stock, Ithaca, N.Y., 1950. 



Metcalf, C.L., Flint, W.F., and Metcalf, R.L. 

 Destructive and Useful Insects. McGraw- 

 Hill, New York, 1951. 



Roeder, K.D. Insect Physiology. Wiley, New 

 York, 1953. 



Ross, H.H. A Textbook of Entomology. Wiley, 

 New York, 1956. 



