HISTORY OF ZOOLOGY 



659 



mutations in individual genes are usually 

 very rare, and essentially random, but that 

 their frequency is affected by temperature, 

 age, by the stocks used, and by other condi- 

 tions, as might be expected for chemical 

 reactions. He is famous for his discovery 

 that X rays and related radiations are power- 

 ful agents for inducing both gene and 

 chromosomal mutations. These studies in 

 radiogenetics have important social impli- 

 cations for the atomic age. 



We have mentioned famous biologists 

 from Greece, Italy, Belgium, England, Hol- 

 land, Sweden, France, Germany, Russia, 

 Austria, and the United States, no attempt 

 having been made to select men from dif- 

 ferent countries. As zoological knowledge 

 increased, the subject became subdivided 

 into the subsciences listed on page 10. 

 The development of each of these subsci- 

 ences has been studied by students of the 

 history of science, but lack of space prevents 

 us from including the interesting details 

 here. 



The field of zoology today is greatly ex- 

 panding; although all branches of this sci- 

 ence will probably always be important, the 

 emphases are changing. In the early history 

 of zoology, most of the studies were con- 

 cerned with observational and descriptive 

 phases of the science, but now experimental 

 and quantitative methods are more widely 

 used. Although there still remains much to 

 be learned from researches in anatomy and 

 taxonomy, experimental studies in physio- 

 logic aspects of zoology are receiving the 

 most generous support from foundations 



which give financial support to pushing back 

 the frontiers of this science. Zoology is be- 

 coming increasingly quantitative; that is, 

 more and more statistical methods are being 

 used in solving its problems. Genetics and 

 ecolog)' are newer branches of biological sci- 

 ence, and the end is not in sight. The chal- 

 lenge for the student of zoology increases 

 with the advances in modern technology, 

 which create problems in radiation and outer 

 space biology. 



SELECTED COLLATERAL 

 READINGS 



Dampier, W.C. A Short Histor}> of Science. 



Macmillan, New York, 1944. 

 Gabriel, M.L., and Fogel, S. Great Experi- 

 ments in Biology. Prentice-Hall, Englevvood 



Cliffs, N.J., 1955. 

 Garrison, F.H. An Introduction to the History 



of Medicine. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1929. 

 Hall, T.S. Source Book in Animal Biology. 



McGraw-Hill, New York, 1950. 

 Knobloch, I.W. Readings in Biological Science. 



Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 1948. 

 Locy, W.A. Biology and Its Makers. Holt, 



New York, 1940. 

 Nordenskiold, E. The History of Biology. 



Tudor, New York, 1946. 

 Peattie, D.C. Green Laurels. Simon & Schuster, 



New York, 1936. 

 Singer, Chades. A History of Biology. Abclard- 



Schunian, New York, 1950. 

 Vallery-Radot, Pasteur. Louis Pasteur. Knopf, 



New York, 1958. 

 Wightman, W.P.D. The GroM'th of Scientific 



Ideas. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, 1951. 



