626 



COLLEGE ZOOLOGY 



between man and the anthropoid apes, and 

 who hved during the second interglacial 

 period. Geologists tell us that during 4 dif- 

 ferent periods, great ice sheets from the 

 arctic regions spread southward over Europe, 

 replacing a semitropical climate with a frigid 

 climate. Later, changes in temperature drove 

 the ice northward and brought back the 

 faunas and floras of warmer climates; these 

 were the interglacial periods. 



Piltdown man 

 (Eoanthropus dawsoni) 



Fragments of a supposed fossil man were 

 discovered in Piltdown, Sussex, England, in 

 1908 to 1915, by a lawyer named Dawson. 



In 1953 some Oxford professors proved that 

 the Piltdown man was not primitive, but 

 the fragments were a mixture of ape and 

 modern man— assembled by a prankster. 

 Piltdown man was changed into the Pilt- 

 down hoax. 



Neanderthal man 

 (Homo neanderthalensls) 



A number of skeletons of Neanderthal 

 man (Fig. 443) have been found in Europe. 

 The Neanderthals lived in caves, made and 

 used flints, understood the use of fire, and 

 maintained definite burial customs. They 

 ranged in height from about 5 to 5^/2 feet, 

 but the thighbones were curved in such a 



Figure 443. Neanderthal cave man, LeMoustier Cavern, Dordogne, France. He had a large 

 brain, stocky body, slouching posture, and walked with a shuffling gait. From a painting by 

 C.R. Knight. (Courtesy of American Museum of Natural History.) 



way as to indicate that they did not walk 

 erect as does modern man. The skull con- 

 tained large orbits, and the brow ridges were 

 prominent. The lower jaw was heavy and 

 lacked a chin. The shoulders and arms were 

 strong and the hands powerful. The Nean- 

 derthals flourished from 30,000 to 100,000 

 years ago. 



Cro-Magnon man 



The Cro-Magnons are extinct represen- 

 tatives of the living races of man {Homo 

 sapiens). They (Fig. 441) were a mighty 



race when they reigned in central France 

 during the ice age. Their skeletal remains 

 prove that they were tall and possessed large 

 cranial capacity. Not only did they leave 

 remains of their culture in the form of flint 

 instruments and carved ivory in the caves 

 in which they lived, but they also left evi- 

 dence of artistic ability of a high order in 

 the shape of drawings and paintings of ani- 

 mals now extinct on the walls of their caves. 



Modern man (Homo sapiens) 



The changes that have taken place during 

 the development of modern man. Homo 



