404 



COLLEGE ZOOLOGY 



belong to the order Apoda (Gymnophiona), 

 about 200 to the Caudata, and approximately 

 1740 to the Salientia. 



Order 1. Apoda (Gr. a, not; podos, foot) or 

 Gymnophiona (Gr. gymnos, 

 naked). Caecilians (Fig. 267). 

 Wormlike; no limbs or limb gir- 

 dles; sometimes with small scales 

 embedded in skin; tail short or 

 absent. 

 Family 1. Cacciliidae. Ex. Ichthyophis 

 glutinosa, blindworm. 

 Order 2. Caudata (L. cauda, tail). Tailed 

 Amphibia. With a tail; without 

 scales; usually two pairs of 

 limbs. 

 Family 1, Cryptobranchidae. Hellben- 

 ders. Ex. Cryptobranchus al- 

 leganiensis, American hell- 

 bender (Fig. 267). 

 Family 2. Ambystomidae. Ex. Amby- 

 stoma tigrinum, tiger salaman- 

 der (Fig. 267). 

 Family 3. Salamandridae. Salamanders 

 and newts. Ex. Diemictylus 

 viridescens, eastern newt (Fig. 

 270). 

 Family 4. Amphiumidae. Ex. Amphiuma 



means, Congo eel (Fig. 267). 

 Family 5. Plethodontidae. Lungless sal- 

 amanders. Ex. Plethodon cin- 

 ereus, red-backed salamander 

 (Fig. 267). 

 Family 6. Proteidae. Ex. Necturus macu- 



losus, mud puppy (Fig. 271 ) . 

 Family 7. Sirenidae. Ex. Siren lacertina, 

 greater siren (Fig. 267). Eel- 

 shaped amphibians having 

 small forclimbs, but lacking 

 hindlimbs and pelvis and hav- 



ing permanent external gills as 



well as lungs. 



Order 3, Salientia (L. salio, leap). Tailless 



Amphibia. Without a tail; without 



scales; two pairs of limbs; without 



external gills or gill openings in 



adult. 



Family 1. Pelobatidae. Ex. Scaphiopus 



holbrookii, spadefoot toad. 

 Family 2. Bufonidae. Ex. Bufo terrestris, 



toad (Fig. 272). 

 Family 3. Hylidae. Ex. Hyla versicolor, 



tree frog (Fig. 267). 

 Family 4. Ranidae. Ex. Rana pipiens, 

 leopard frog (Fig. 217). 



SELECTED COLLATERAL 

 READINGS 



(See also Chapter 23) 



Barbour, T. Reptiles and Amphibians, Their 



Habits and Adaptations. Houghton Mifflin, 



Boston, 1934. 

 Bishop, S.C. Handbook of Salamanders. The 



Salamanders of the United States, of Canada. 



and Lower California. Comstock, Ithaca, 



N.Y., 1943. 

 Noble, G. Kingslev. Biology of the Amphibia. 



McGraw-Hill, New York, 1951. Reprinted, 



Dover Publications, 1955. 

 Oliver, J.A. The Natural History of North 



American Amphibians and Reptiles. Van 



Nostrand, New York, 1955. 

 Stebbins, R.C. Amphibians and Reptiles of 



Western North America. McGraw-Hill, New 



York, 1954. 

 Wright, A.H., and Wright, A.A. Handbook of 



Frogs and Toads: Of the United States and 



Canada. Comstock, Ithaca, N.Y., 1949. 



