C. U. C. p. ALUMNI JOURNAL 



73 



paper, the Hollander, or improved pulp- 

 ing mill, and finally the epochmaking in- 

 vention of the continuous paper machine 

 by Nicholas Louis Robert in 1798, which 

 revolutionized the industry, and made 

 possible the modern newspaper. 



Paper mills were established by the 

 Moors in Spain in 1085, but the art w^as 

 not generally introduced into Europe 

 until the last years of the twelfth cen- 

 tury, when paper of good quality was 

 made in France and Italy. Watermarks 

 were invented by the Italians who also 

 improved the manufacture of paper. 

 Italy at the present time being the chief 

 source of fine handmade paper. The in- 

 dustry was established in Germany at 

 Ravensburg in 1290. but French papers 

 were preferred up to the time of the 

 revocation of the edict of Nantes, when 

 Huguenot refugees settled in Holland 

 and began the manufacture of so-called 

 Dutch paper, which soon acquired a 

 reputation that brought it into great de- 

 mand and developed an industry that 

 added greatly to the wealth of the 

 country. In mechanical appliances the 

 chief invention credited to the Dutch is 

 the improved pulping or beating engine 

 known to papermakers the world over as 

 the Hollander. 



England was slow in introducing the 

 art of papermaking, the first record of 

 a mill dating from 1490, when John Tate 

 made paper at Hertford. The first edi- 

 tion of Shakespeare's plays is supposed 

 to have been printed on paper made by 

 John Spielman at Dartford in 1588. 



It was in 1690 that papermaking was 

 begun in America with the mill operated 

 by William Rittenhouse at Germantown 

 on the Wissahickon river. 



W HY WOMEN ENTER PHA R- 

 M ACY AS A PROFESSIO N. 



EsTELLA A". Baddour, N. Y. C. p. '16. 



From time immemorial, the art of 

 Pharmacy has been practiced with suc- 

 cess. From time immemorial, women 

 has depended upon man. Why ? 



In the ancient past man won the 

 woman by sheer strength, doing valiant 



deeds. The woman was content and hap- 

 py. Why ? 



Because she knew no other way ; it was 

 the way she had been taught. In those 

 primitive days there were no schools, 

 and in all controversies the physically 

 strongest won. 



When schools came and education was 

 free for all, the skirls and bovs were side 

 by side competing for knowledge. The 

 girls have always held their own with 

 their physically stronger brothers. 



What has all this to do with women 

 entering Pharmacy as a Profession, you 

 will say . 



I wish to show that as soon as knowl- 

 edge was free for all, the woman has not 

 been found wanting ; also that in this day 

 of more or less business equality, she is 

 succeeding in every walk of life. And 

 it means a great deal more for her to 

 succeed, for has she not had hundreds of 

 years of dependency to overcome, more 

 or less? 



There are always persons with whom 

 the woman comes in contact, in a busi- 

 ness way. who, no matter how ignorant 

 themselves, cannot conceive that she 

 could possibly equal them in knowledge. 



