322 Phillips on a Comparative Study of the 



were continuous through the cell wall with the protoplast 

 within. Radiating lines of a deeper staining protoplasm 

 or kinoplasm always connected the points of egress of these 

 protoplasmic knobs with the central body. Careful study 

 of these peripheral balls convinced me that they were not 

 in their normal form. I therefore varied my method of 

 mordanting and staining and finally found that these minute 

 balls were very delicate cilia that had been massed down 

 against the outer wall of the plant. They stained with all 

 of the ordinary protoplasmic stains, but were so delicate that 

 the least amount of washing for differentiation deprived 

 them of their color. These cilia are so small that it is with 

 extreme difficulty that they can be seen in the living organ- 

 ism, and the probable reason that other observers have over- 

 looked them is that they, unlike the flagella of the bacteria, 

 mass down when placed in reagents and appear as granules 

 of foreign substance on the exterior of the trichome. They 

 have quite the appearance of tactile organs, and in fact for a 

 long time I mistook them to be such, before I was able to 

 demonstrate that they were the massed substance of the 

 cilia. These facts will explain more clearly the moving of 

 the particles of indigo along the trichome as described by 

 Schultz and others, and the massing down of the cilia will 

 explain why the contour of the trichomes is so rough often- 

 times, as is especially shown when stained with Heidenhein's 

 iron-ammonia-alum haematoxylin, with but slight or no 

 destaining. Engelmann was able to show this same gran- 

 ular roughening of the contour of the filament of Oscillaria, 

 but did not see the cilia which caused it. By the use of 

 Gardiner's method of corrosion, I caused the protoplast of 

 the isolated cells of Oscillaria to so shrink as to withdraw 

 these delicate projections of the protoplast and expose the 

 minute pores in the swollen wall (Fig. 27). Figure 26 

 shows a trichome thus treated, in which the protoplasts have 

 shrunken away from the cell walls, but evident points or pro- 

 cesses pass out towards each of the pores through which 

 the cilia passed. 



