FLOWERS OF LUPA TIEXS FULVA 147 



red. The yellow color is born by plastids, while the red is due to a 

 dissolved pigment in the cell sap. It is chiefly on the petals and on the 

 inside of the large spurred sepal, to a lesser extent on the anterior haired 

 sepal that the brownish-red coloring occurs. 



The seventh edition of Gray's Manual mentions the occurrence of 

 spotless forms. Such forms seem to be rare. Not uncommon are forms 

 with only a few, five or six, small reddish spots inside the spurred sepal 

 and an equal number on the petals, the anterior sepal bearing only 

 one or two spots. From this condition, gradations may be traced to 

 forms with densely spotted anterior and posterior sepals, and petals 

 with the spots confluent in brownish-red masses. Plants with white 

 flowers spotted with brownish black are occasionally met with. It is 

 stated in Britton and Brown's Manual that flowers nearly white un- 

 mottled occur. The coloring of the flowers seems to be definite for a strain 

 of plants, plants raised from seed develop the coloring of the parent. 

 The ruddy coloring of the stems, however, does not seem to be so defi- 

 nite a genetic character, but dependent to an extent upon ecologic 

 conditions. Plants grown under somewhat adverse conditions are apt 

 to show greenish stems without the red markings. Under optimum con 

 ditions for vegetative growth, as in partial shade with abundance o^ 

 running water, the stems become dark red. 



Dates of Appearance and Duration of deistogamous and 

 chasmogamous Flowers 



The dates of appearance and duration of chasmogamous and deisto- 

 gamous flowers vary considerably with the locality and conditions. 

 In the vicinity of Philadelphia, the earliest date noted for the appear- 

 ance of chasmogamous flowers in 1916 was June 20th. They appeared 

 in abundance by June 24th on a group of plants growing in the open sun 

 in a dry roadside situation. The dryness of the soil and consequent 

 higher temperature may explain their early appearance. The period 

 of maximum production began a week or ten days later. Plants in 

 moister situations were relatively late in blooming. One group of 

 plants under observation situated in a rather densely shaded situation at 

 the edge of a marsh did not produce chasmogamous flowers until early 

 August. The period of blooming extended to the last days of September 

 and in scattered instances to early October. 



The deistogamous flowers appear early in June in the vicinity of 

 Philadelphia and last through the growing season. This statement does 

 not agree with several pubHshed accounts. Miss Riatt^^ states for 



