11)11] Proceedings. 9 



of raptorial fore leg's in the Orthopteran Mantis and the Neuropteran 

 Mantispa. The legs of insects show many similar structures, espe- 

 cially in minor features as spines and spurs. A more striking paral- 

 lelism is found in the antennal features, the simpler types recurring 

 in most insect orders. Along special lines we find remarkable homo- 

 geneity in the development of secondary sexual characters in the 

 various orders, especially in pedal structures, blunt spines being- the 

 most frequent, though some of the structures, as in the case of Deltoid 

 moths, are very elaborate. 



Parallelism in color pattern is the commonest form of parallelism. 

 Fundamentally all color patterns can be analyzed into similar com- 

 ponents. The most primitive type of color pattern is found in dragon- 

 flies and may be conveniently classed as a one color type (apparent 

 differences in color being an intensification or modification of the 

 pigment). The most primitive expression of color pattern is a basal 

 or apical band on the wing - ; a further development Is the uniform 

 coloring of the wing - . The next is a basal, apical or nodal intensi- 

 fication on a uniform background. Always, however, the markings 

 partake of the form of ill-defined spots or blotches ; never do they 

 become linear — hence lines and bands. Lines therefore may be 

 assumed to indicate a higher development of pattern. 



All color patterns can be reduced to lines and bands. Lines may 

 break up into lunules or dots, bands into spots ; or vice versa. Marginal, 

 submarginal, median, and basal rarely, unless coupled with submargi- 

 nal bands or lines, are the simpler forms of two-color patterns. We 

 find that these patterns follow distinct mechanical rules, as that of 

 bands break up into spots and lines into lunules when the costal 

 or posterior hold is lost, this breaking up being quicker in the former 

 case. A diagonal band wants an inferior brace and a superior fasten- 

 ing, both of which are provided in the striking case of Papilio thoas. 



There is much similarity in the color patterns of the various 

 orders, as can be shown by a simple method of approximation.. For 

 example, if the wing of Papilio turnus be squared (1) according to 

 Mayer's method, this square then depressed (2) and finally equalized 

 (3) with the elytron of a beetle or Orthopteron or Hemipteron, we 

 find a remarkable similarity of pattern. 



A common parallelism within families is the possession of some 

 featuring mark, such as the orbicular and reniform in Nbctuid moths, 

 the silver spots on the under sides of Arffynnidte, the dorsal stripes of 



