154 Bulletin Wiscojisin Natural History Society. [Vol. 8. No. 3. 



chis, which is of Southern range and has not heretofore been re- 

 ported from Wisconsin. 



Two features are characteristic of this list : All but the specific 

 coast plants are species of very wide distribution, many being the 

 common weeds of the region ; and all are flowering in summer 

 or autumn. None of the common spring- flowering herbs are 

 found in the unforested portions of the bank. 



Rather surprising in such a locality is the presence, in numer- 

 ous island-like patches, of typical hydrophyte societies. Due no 

 doubt to the slight permeability and great water capacity of the 

 clay, most of the little springs have small areas of water-soaked 

 soil surrounding them. In such places are found various species 

 of Cyperus, Carex, Scirpus, J uncus, even Typha latifolia; ToUeldia 

 glutinosa is apparently confined, in the Milwaukee region, to just 

 such places. 



Practically simultaneous with the arrival of these herbs is the 

 arrival of a number of woody species, again chiefly those with 

 flying seeds : Salix longifolia, nigra, amygdalina, discolor 6 ; Pop- 

 ulus deltoides. Cornus stolonifera; Rhus typhina has already been 

 mentioned. To these are added occasional specimens of all the 

 trees found in the neighboring bank and ravine forests to be de- 

 scribed forthwith. 



These shrubs and young trees are apparently the forerunners 

 of a forest on the bank. Their presence tends to diminish the ef- 

 fect of pluvial erosion, which ceases practically altogether, as soon 

 as an area is completely covered with vegetation. 



F. Bank and Ravine Forests. 



The most astonishing feature of the forests covering portions 

 of the clay banks along the shore and the sides and bottoms of the 

 ravines, is their comprehensiveness. Probably everv species of 

 tree or shrub found in the Milwaukee region, from the hemi- 

 xerophytic white-oaks, hickories and hawthorns to the hemi-hy- 

 drophytic elms, cottonwoods and black ashes, are found somewhere 

 in this area. The only exception seems to be a few species almost 

 extinct near Milwaukee, such as Betula lutea and Celtis occiden- 

 tal's. Moreover, they are so thoroughly mingled that it is quite 



6) Near Whitefish Bay, there are numerous young individuals of a 

 willow appearing like some form of Salix alba with fastigiate branches, in 

 shape resembling a Lombardy poplar. 



