i02o] SHERFF—BIDENS 93 



over, none of the four is found to differ gcnerically from the various 

 Hawaiian species, both groups even emitting the same peculiar 

 carrot-like odor when the leaves are bruised. There can remain 

 no doubt, therefore, regarding the exact basis of Schultz Bipon- 

 tinus' study. Furthermore, the scholarly and critical way in 

 which he attacked the entire subject must needs inspire a strong 

 sense of confidence in his judgment and in the course pursued by 

 him in equating Campylotheca with Bidens. 



In 1861 Asa Gray (Proc. Amer. Acad. 5:125-128) made the 

 next important contribution to a knowledge of the group. Gray 

 had received from the Museum of Natural History in Paris several 

 specimens collected by M. J. Remy in the Hawaiian Islands, also 

 a number from the United States Exploring Expedition under 

 Captain Wilkes, collected in the Hawaiian Islands, Tahiti, Eimeo, 

 and elsewhere in the Pacific. Most of these were new species. 

 Gray's publication indicates that he was probably unaware of 

 Schultz Bipontinus' paper. Thus, for example, he inadvertently 

 created the name Coreopsis Macraei for a plant already named by 

 the latter Bidens Campylotheca. As, therefore, he does not seem 

 to have read Schultz Bipontinus' paper, it is all the more interest- 

 ing and valuable to find that Gray, too, was compelled to abandon 

 the name Campylotheca. Species having the achenes wingless and 

 the awns retrorsely barbed he described under Bidens. But 

 several other species, different in having either exaristate achenes or 

 even winged achenes, he described under Coreopsis. Thus he 

 described Bidens hawaiensis, B. lantanoides, Coreopsis mauiensis, 

 C. macrocarpa, C. Macraei, C. cosmoidcs, and C. Menziesii. Gray's 

 own words at the time of describing some of these species are worthy 

 of note. Speaking of the futility of maintaining Campylotheca as a 

 separate genus, apart from Bidens and Coreopsis, he said: "Its 

 adoption merely gives us three limitless genera unmarked by any 

 peculiarity in habit, in the place of two artificially separated ones. 

 .... Vain is the attempt to draw absolute limits where Nature 

 luxuriates in gradations" (Proc. Amer. Acad. 5:126. 1862). 



In 1888 there appeared the posthumous Flora of the Hawaiian 

 Islands by William Hillebrand. Hillebrand, from his twenty 

 years of resident study in the Hawaiian Islands and his careful 



