iH CXXIV. CUPULIFER^. CIuerccs, 



hemispherical; acc/rn roundish ovate. — The yellow oak abounds in the iVIiddle 

 and Western States, in rocky and mountainoas woods. It is a large tree, GOf 

 in height. Baric whitish, slightly furrowed. Leaves regularly toothed, light 

 green above, whitish beneath. Flowers in May, succeeded by acorns usually 

 sweet-liavored. Timber tittle used. 



9. Q,. CniNauAPiN. Michx. (Gl; prinoides. Willd.) Diaarf Chestnut Oak. 

 IjVs. on .shart petioles, obovate, acute at the base, glaucous beneath, with 



coarse, subequal, dilated teeth, callous at the tip ; aip hemispherical ; oroni 

 ovate. — This is one of the most diminutive of all the oaks, never exceeding 3 — 4f 

 in height. It is naive of the Northern and Middle States, in barren woods, but 

 not common. The flowers appear in May, folloAved by acorns of middle size, 

 very sweet and so abundant as often to weigli the shrub prostrate on the giound. 



^ 2. Fructification biennial. Fr. subsessile. Lvs. setaceously mucro7iate. 

 * Leaves sinuate-lobed. 



10. Q,. RUBRA. Red Oak. 



Livs. on long petioles, smooth, obtusely sinuate, lobes rather acute, den- 

 tate ; cup shallow and flat, smoothish ; aconi subovate. — The red oak is the most 

 common species in the Northern States and in Canada. It is a lofty, wide- 

 spreading tree, 70f in height with a diameter of 3 or 4. Leaves 6 — 10' long, 

 smooth on both sides, with deep and rounded sinuses between the narrow, mu- 

 cronate lobes. The fl.owers appear in May, succeeded by very large acorns 

 contained in cups so shallow as rather to resemble saucers than cups, and are 

 greedily devoured by wild and domesticated animals. The bark is extensively 

 used in tanning. The wood is reddish, coarse-grained, of little value as tim- 

 ber, but excellent for fuel. 



11. R. TiNCTORiA. Bartram. Black Oak. Yellow-hark Oak. 



LiVS. obovate, oblong, sinuate, pubescent beneath, finally glabrous, lobes 

 oblong, obtuse, mucronate; ctip flat; accrrn depressed-globose. — This oak is 

 found throughout the U. S. It is one of the lottiest trees of the forest, 80 — 90f 

 in height and 4 — 5 in diameter. Bark deeply lurrowed, black or deep brown. 

 Leaves 6 — 8' long, broadest towards the end, quite variable. Acorns brown, 

 nearly sessile, about half covered with the thick, scaly cup. From the bark of 

 this species, quercitron, used in dyeing, is obtained, hence it is called quercitron 

 oak. The bark is used in tanning, 



13. CI. cocciNEA. Wang. Scarlet Oak. 



Lvs. on long petioles, oblong, deeply sinuate, smooth, lobes divaricate, 

 dentate, acute ; cup turbinate, scaly; acorn short, ovate. — The scarlet oak is 

 most abundant in the Middle and Southern States, but is often met with in the 

 more southern parts of N. England. It is a iarge tree, 80f in height, with a 

 diameter of 3 or 4. Leaves of a bright, shining green, with about 4 deep sinu- 

 ses, remarkably rounded and broad at the base. By the frosts of autumn they 

 .^re changed to scarlet, unlike those of the red oak which become dull red or 

 brown. Acorns large, similarly rounded at both ends, half immersed in the cup. 

 Bark very thick, used in tanning. The wood is little valued for timber or fuel. 



13. d. PALUSTRis. Michx. Pin Oak. Wafer Oak. 



Lvs. on long petioles, oblong, deeply sinuate, smooth ; axils of the veini 

 lufted-villous beneath, lobes divaricate, rather narrow, dentate, acute ; cnp flat, 

 smooth; acorn subglobose. — The pin oak is most luxuriant in the AV". States! 

 and the adjacent districts of other States, rare in New England, growing in 

 swamps and wet woods. Height 60 — BOf, with a diameter of 2 — 4. It is remark- 

 able for its unusual nirmber of secondary branches which die as the tree ad- 

 vances, giving the trunk the appearance of having pins or tree nails driven into 

 it; also for its light and open foliage. Ba)'k smooth. Wood coarse-grained, 

 little esteemed as timber. Acorns small, round, in shallow cups. May. 



14. Ql. elongata. (Q,. rubra. Walt. Q,. I'alcata. Michx.) Spanish Oak. 

 Lvs. on long petioles, 3-lobed or sinuate, tomentose beneath, lobes some- 



"what falcate, setaceously mucronate, the terminal one elongated ; c2ip shallow, 

 -.iomewhat turbinate ; axorn globose. — Sandy soils, N. J. toGa! Trunk 70 — 80f 

 high, 1 — 5f diam. in the Southern States, not half these dimensions in N. J. 



