55 



is not sufficient to be considered a publication, altbough she suggests that 

 'her Canarium carapifolium may be the same as Canarium luzonicum. 

 However, Canarium luzonicum is a transfer of Pimela luzonica to Canarium, 

 and Pimela luzonica Blunie is only a new name for Canarium album Blanco. 

 Dr. Perkins gives the first complete description of the species. 



The author is of the opinion that Blume's name should be retained and 

 that Blanco's characterization, together with the properties assigned by 

 him to his species, are sufficient to enable us to identify his species 

 without a shadow of doubt. The species here considered agrees with 

 Blanco's Canarium alMim, so far as his description goes, and, as noted 

 by him, it is very common in the Philippine forests. The Tagalog names 

 are the same, Pisa in the regions contiguous to Manila, from which Blanco 

 drew his material, and Pili in other provinces, and these names are almost 

 invariably applied to this one species. Blanco credits to his species the 

 white, very fragrant "brea de piles," one of the local names of Manila 

 Elemi, and an intimate knowledge of many species of Canaiium, as they 

 grow in the Philippine forests, leads us to conclude that this species is 

 the only one, of the many which are now known from these Islands, that 

 yields the white, fragrant Manila Elemi of commerce. The local uses of 

 '"brea" are the same to-day as they were in Blanco's time, it being exten- 

 sively utilized in calking boats and in making torches. The seeds are edible 

 and are commonly sold in the markets, while the oil extracted from them 

 is somewhat utilized, as noted by Blanco. 



While it is true that several other species of Canarium produce substances 

 known as "brea" in the Philippines, yet each individual species of this 

 genus yields a pitch with characteristic physical and chemical properties, 

 and very little, if any, of the "brea" from species other than the one here 

 considered finds its way into the market as a constituent of Manila Elemi. 

 Specimens of Manila Elemi from some of the definitely identified trees 

 cited above, agree perfectly in all characters, physical and chemical, with 

 the specimens of this product purchased in the open markets of Manila. 

 Among the other species of Canarium producing "brea" may be men- 

 tioned Canarium cumingii Engl., which produces a small quantity of dark- 

 colored pitcii, known locally as "brea negra," but which has little or no com- 

 mercial value. Canarium pachyphyllum Perkins yields a certain amoimt 

 of white brea, but its chemical composition is very different from that of 

 Canarium luzonicum. Canarium connarifolium Perkins j-ields a very small 

 amount of dark-colored "brea," as does also Canarium poly)icuron Perkins. 

 Canarium bcrsamifolium Perkins yields a considerable quantify of an oil- 

 like substance, not at all pitchy, and which is scarcely or not at all utilized 

 by the natives. Canarium stachyanihum Perkins yields a "brea" used 

 by the natives for torches. Certain species probably yield no pitch or 

 oil, one of these being Canarium radlkoferi Perkins. We have no definite 

 information as to whether or not other species of Philippine Canarium 

 yield "brea," but .so far Canarium luzonicum is the only species known 

 to us which yields the Manila Elemi of commerce, and it is believed that 

 this name should be rcfained. 



