Constriictioji of Fountains 



457 



rubble-stone, or coarse gravel, below the con- 

 crete lining. If the soil is gravelly or sandy, 

 and not very retentive of moisture, a depth 

 of 6 to 9 inches of gravel will suffice. Second, 

 lay down the supply and waste pipes, to- 

 gether with a tile-drain, //, extending outward 

 from the centre of basin-pit, to carry off the 

 under or land drainage (this latter precaution 

 being necessary to prevent the heaving of 

 the foundation by frost in winter, when the 

 basin will be empty, and the frost liable to 

 penetrate the ground below the concrete). 

 Deposit the rubble-stone or gravel, and back 

 it well ; then, third, follow with the con- 

 crete. This to be made of small broken 

 stones or gravel, with hydraulic cement and 

 sand, in the usual manner. The depth of the 

 concrete to be not less than 6 inches, and to 

 be well settled and compacted by a rammer 

 as soon as deposited. The surface to be 

 basin-shaped, as represented, and smoothly 

 plastered over with cement. The rim-stones 

 are set vertically on a bed of 6 inches of con- 

 crete, the concrete extending continuously 

 under and around the stones as represented. 

 The stones to be from 4 to 6 feet long each, 

 the top part exposed to view to be 4 inches 

 thick when dressed, and the end joints to be 

 made sufficient even to make snug work, the 

 joints to be well filled with mortar. 



Fig. 2, is a half-section of a basin, con- 

 structed differently. The plan is similar to 

 fig. T, with the omission of the vertical rim- 

 stones, and the substitution of a rubble-stone 

 wall, which is topped, and partly faced, by 

 cut stone, to give a more appropriate finish 

 to a basin of this character. 



a, rubble-stone filling ; f, concrete-lining ; 



b b, brick-work ; d, rubble-wall, laid in mortar ; 

 ;;/, 3 inch tile-drain to drain foundation; 

 ;/, drain-pipe, connecting with sewer ; 0, 

 2 inch pipe for emptying basin ; I, lid to well ; 

 ;", overflow pipe ; s, screen at mouth of drain- 

 pipe « ; /; screen over mouth of pipe ; e, 

 cut-stone rim. 



The water is 2j^4 feet deep in the 

 basin. The supply-pipe curves upward 

 through the foundation and concrete, and 

 communicates with the fountain. 



A well, with manhole, similar to that she\\Ti 

 on the right of the cut, is constructed on the 

 opposite side of the basin, and receives the 

 main supply-pipe, with a regulating cock. 



It will be noticed that in both of these 

 designs no dependence for tightness is placed 

 on Xht Joints of the rim-stones. The concrete 

 surrounding the stones in the one case, and 

 the rear wall in the other, are the main, 

 reliance for security against the leakage of 

 this part of the work. It is impossible in 

 this climate to construct a facing of stone, 

 under such circumstances, in a way to prevent 

 the constant expansion and contraction from 

 affecting the joints. Leaks may be slight 

 at first, but the movement is constantly going 

 on, and they will keep on the increase until 

 they will demand, sooner or later, a radical 

 cure. With concrete, or a rear wall, in con- 

 nexion with the rim-stones, so situated and 

 protected as not to be influenced by changes 

 of temperature and the disturbing action of 

 frost, there is safety. 



About the cost of these fountains it is not 

 easy to form an estimate, as the principal ex- 

 pense being for labour, so much must depend 

 on the locality. ^ 



