334 



George E. AHcliols, 



B. Secondary Formations of the Xerarch Series 

 Formation-types Resulting Primarily from Human Activity 



a. ASSOCIATION-COMPLEXES DUE TO CULTIVATION 



Notwithstanding the comparative recency with which this 

 country was settled, deserted farms are a familiar sight, and 

 abandoned farmlands in all stages of revegetation are 

 encountered. It is only through constant grazing and cutting, 

 or repeated mowing, that pastures and meadows can be kept 



Figure 33. — Cultivated fields, abandoned pastures, and coniferous second 

 growth forests along St. Ann's Bay ; in the left background, the shingle 

 beach which nearly encloses St. Ann's Harbor (compare Fig. 29). 



open, for the rapidity with which a neglected field reverts to 

 woodland is even greater here than in southern New England. 

 The association-types which arise in the course of secondary suc- 

 cessions subsequent upon cultivation may be considered under 

 two heads: (7) the association-types of fallow fields, and (2) 

 the association-types of abandoned pastures. 



The following figures, in addition to those introduced here- 

 with, illustrate secondary formations: Figs. 3, 9, 15, 24, 41, 

 42, 46. 



