CELLULAR TISSUE. 21 



analysis to be oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon, with an occasional 

 addition of nitrogen, the same simple elements as, by their 

 varied combinations, constitute the air, water, and most animal 

 substances. The organic basis is simple memhrane smd Jlbre. 

 Of one, or both, of these two forms, aU the tissues are con- 

 structed. 



a. If the fleshy portion of the leaf above mentioned, or the pulp of the fruit be 

 closely examined, they will be found composed of numerous vesicles of extreme 

 minuteness, adhering together. These vesicles, or bladders, consist of a delicate 

 membrane enclosing a fluid, such as is seen on a large scale in the pulp of an 

 orange. Now this membrane, composing the walls of the cells or vesicles, is one 

 of the elementary forms of vegetable tissue. Again, if the stalk of a strawberry or 

 geranium leaf be cut arownd but not through^ and the two parts be thus pulled 

 asunder for a short space, a number of glistening fibres will be seen running from 

 one portion to the other. Under a microscope these appear to be spiral coils, par- 

 tially straitened by being thus draAvn out from the membranous tubes in which 

 they were lying coiled up. Thus are we able to distinguish the elementary mem- 

 brane and fibre^ of which the various forms of vegetable tissue are composed. 



29. Cellular tissue is so called, from its being composed 

 of separate cells, or vesicles, adhering together. Tliis kind of 

 tissue is the most common, no plant being without it, and many 

 being enthely composed of it. The form of the little cells 

 wliich compose it, appears to be, at first globular or egg-shaped, 

 but afterwards, being flattened at their sides, by their mutual 

 pressure, they become cubical, as in the pith, or twelve-sided, 

 the cross-section being six-sided; each cell assuming a form 

 more or less regular, according to the degree of pressure exerted 

 upon it by those adjacent. It is also called parenchyma. 



a. The cuttings of the pith of elder, or those of any kind of wood, will, under 

 a microscope, exhibit irregular cells and partitions, resembhng those of a honey- 

 comb. (Fig. 1, a.) 



b. The vesicles of cellular tissue have no visible communications with each 

 other, but transmit their fluids by invisible pores. 



c. Cellular tissue is transparent and colorless in itself, but exhibits the brilliant 

 hues of the corolla, or the rich green of the leaf, from the coloring matter con- 

 tained witliin the cells. 



d. The vesicles of this tissue arc extremely variable in size. They arc usually 

 about -^js of an inch in diameter, but are found of all sizes, from tj-tj to iruo u 

 of an inch. 



e. Although this tissue is usually soft and spongy, it sometimes acquires con- 

 piderablc hardness l)y the deposition of aoUd instead of fluid matter in the ocll^. 



