4d2 CXXIV. CUPULIFER.^. auERcus 



Western States, generally growing in the vicinity of rivers. Rare east of the 

 Alleghanies. It more nearly resembles C. alba than any other species. It is a 

 large tree, 50 — 70f high. The bark is divided into long strips which at length 

 are attached only by the middle, narrower and of a lighter color than C. alba. 

 Leaves 10 — 20' in length, composed of 7, or more frequently 9 leaflets. Sterile 

 aments 3-parted, very long. Nut with a very thick, 4-parted pericarp, and 

 nearly twice larger than in C. alba. 



6. C. MiCROCARPA. Nutt. Sniall-fruUed Hickory. 



Lfts. 5 — 7, oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, glandular beneath, serrate, con- 

 spicuously acuminate ; aments, glabrous ; fr. roundish-ovoid, pericarp thin ; nut 

 small, slightly quadrangular. — A large tree, GO — 80f high, in moist woodlands, 

 Perm. Darlington. Trunk H — 2f diam., with an even bark. Leaflets mostly 

 5, often 7, 4 — 8' by 2 — 3', the under surface tufted in the axils of the veinlcts 

 and sprinkled with dark, glandular dots. Aments long and slender. Pistillate 

 flowers 2 or 3 together, terminal, on a common peduncle, with conspicuous se- 

 pals. Fruit about the size of a nutmeg. Nut with a thin shell, not mucronate. 



Order. CXXIV. CUPULIFER^.— Mastworts. 



Trees and shrubs. Lvs. stipulate, alternate, simple, straight- veined, that is with the veinlets proceeding 



straight from the midvein to the margin. 

 Fls. jjencniily moncEcious. Sterile in aments, fertile solitary, or 2 or 3 together, or in fascicles. 

 Cai.— Sepals regular and membranous, or scale-like. 



Sta. 1—3 times as many as the sepals, inserted into their bases. [each. 



Ova. adherent, seated within a coriaceous involucrum (cupule), with several cells and several ovules in 

 Sti^. several, subsessile, distinct. 



Fr. A bony or coriaceous nut, more or less enclosed in the cupule. 

 Siis. I, 2 or 3 (most of the ovules being abortive), pendulous. Atbianen 0. 

 Efnbri/o large. Cotyledons tieshy, planoconvex. Radicle minute, superior. 



Genera 8, species 265, constituting a large portion of the forests of the northern temperate regions, and 

 of mountainous tracts within the tropics. 



Properties.— 'The hdixk of the oak and other genera is well known for its astringent qualities. The 

 edible fruit of the hazelnut, chestnut, beechnut, ^c, are Xi>o well known to require description. Carle 

 is the bark of Quercus Sul)er. Nut-ffalls are producd from the petioles of Q,. ini'ectoria of Asia Minor, 

 being caused by \vounds made by insects. 



II 



Conspectus of the Genera. 



'in an echinate, valvate cupule, and ovoid-compressed Castanea. 2 



in a muricate, valvate cupule. and sharply 3-angled. .... Fagus. 3 



in a hairy, ^ coriaceous, involucrate cupule Coryliis. 4 



( enveloped L inflated .. i; membranous, closed cupule Ostrya. 5 



< (acorn) partly immersed in a scaly cupule Quercios. 1 



Nut ( naked, concealed in the axil of a foliaceous bract Carpinua. 6 



I. aUERCUS. 



Celtic quer, fine, and cuez, a tree ; so called emphatically, because the sacred mistletoe grows upon it. 

 The more common Celtic name was derw ; hence dniid. 



S" in a loose anient; calyx mostly 5-cleft ; stamens 5 — 10. 9 Cupule 

 cup-shaped, scaly ; calyx incorporated with the ovary, 6-lobed ; ovary 

 3-celled, 2 of the cells abortive ; style 1 ; stigmas 3 ; nut (acorn) 

 coriaceous, 1 -celled, 1 -seeded, surrounded at the base by the enlarged, 

 cup-shaped, scaly cupule. — A nohlc genus of trecs^ rarely shrubs. Aments 

 axillary, pendulous, filif or }n, with the flowers distinct. 

 § 1. Fructification annual. Fruit 'pedunculate. Leaves not mucronate. 



* Leaves lobed. 



1. a. ALBA. Wliite Oal: 



Lvs. oblong, pinnatifid-sinuate, smooth, lobes linear-oblong, obtuse, entire, 

 dilated upwards ; fr. pedunculate, cup deep, warty, acorn ovate. — The white 

 oak grows in woods throughout the IT. S. and Can., and for grandeur, strength 

 and usefulness, stands preeminent among the sons of the forest. With a di- 

 ameter of 5 — Gf, it attains the height of 70 — 80, but its magnitude varies 

 with the .soil and climate. Leaves obliquely divided into rounded, obtuse and 

 entire lobes, not terminated by mucronate points, pubescent beneath when young. 

 Fruit rather large. Bark white, often with dark spots. The trunk yields tim- 

 ber of great value for strength and durability. It is extensively employed in 



