SAWAIORI MATERIAL IN INDONESIA. 167 



T. 



Common to the three families are the mutations t-s and extinc- 

 tion. The former is quite rare in Polynesia, not particularly fre- 

 quent in Melanesia, and in Indonesia involves but five vocables in 

 four languages, one of these being similarly affected in four of the 

 Melanesian languages. 



t-k is the rule in Hawaii, rapidly becoming normal in Samoa, well 

 established in Melanesia, and somewhat common in Indonesia, t-j 

 is well established in Tonga; Melanesia shows it in Baki and Male- 

 kula; its use in Indonesia is but slight; with it should be grouped 

 the t-ch of Malay, t-tj of Bugi, and t-nch of Batak. 



For the extinction of t we muster but a single example in Poly- 

 nesia (Marquesas 350), quite a respectable number of instances in 

 Melanesia, but its Indonesian record is almost exclusively written 

 in 217, a doubtful case as will be seen in the discussion of the note 

 thereupon. 



In the forms common to Indonesia and Melanesia t-d is the sim- 

 plest variant, rather widely (including t-nd) disseminated in Mela- 

 nesia, in Indonesia involving but three vocables in six languages. 

 t-m in both families rests wholly upon the doubtful 217. t-n in 

 Melanesia is found only in New Ireland 329; in Indonesia it rests 

 soundly on 346 (Java and Kayan) and doubtfully on 217. 



Of forms wholly Indonesian, t-nt is not infrequent and is under- 

 stood as a nasal reinforcement of the mute, t-ts and t-z are met 

 with but once apiece, both in Malagasy, t-h (once in Satawal) may 

 be regarded as a secondary mutation of the t-s hitherto noted. For 

 t-ndr we find but one example, in the Malagasy, yet it is quite 

 satisfactory, t-g, a violent mutation, rests upon a single vocable 

 (352) in Galela, Gani, and Tidore. 



M. 



The mutations of m need scarcely engage our attention in this 

 rapid review. Polynesia affords but a single instance ; in Indonesia 

 but five vocables are involved ; even in Melanesian crudity of speech 

 m is almost constant. 



V. 



The v-mutations common to all three families are \-w and \-h. 

 In Polynesia \-w has become normal in Maori, Hawaii, and Viti; 

 in Melanesia it is satisfactorily established over a wide area or sev- 

 eral areas interlaced by this mutation; in Indonesia it rests almost 

 wholly on vai (291), a word quality at best. The Indonesian \-h 

 rests wholly upon this vai, in a single instance; it is found in Mela- 

 nesia in but one vocable in two languages; our Polynesian data 

 afford us onlv three instances. 



