214 THE POLYNESIAN WANDERINGS. 



nesia is united, and it leaves final nga or ng unrepresented in any region 

 beyond, unless the ephelkustic na of Efate lalo na, which our author does 

 not explain, is really radical, in which case lalona represents the transition 

 type from lalanga to lalo. 



Another explanation is equally considerable. Assume that Merlav lang 

 is not a broken-down form but the simple stem lal. The l-ng mutation is 

 represented in our material solely by this possible instance. The mutation, 

 however, occurs. It is found in two languages and both in this region, 

 although they are Polynesian inclusions or verge islands be it said, namely 

 in Aniwa (though not in this word) and in Moiki. The Moiki word is 

 ngango, as cited above. To be sure Merlav employs the ng change for but 

 one of its Vs. If this be considered reasonable lalanga and its devolved 

 forms are then reduplications. This explanation is deficient in regard of 

 the characteristic Polynesian o. 



Neither suggestion is one to be held satisfactory. The identification 

 is sadly imperfect. 



124. 



mabwe, the chestnut tree and its fruit. 



Tahiti: mape, the chestnut (Inocarpus edulis.) Maori: cf. mapau, 



mapou, mapauriki, tree names. 

 Viti : mamba, the name of a tree, fruit edible. 

 Aneityum: mop(o), the chestnut. Malo: mabue, id. 



125. 

 tobu na, grandfather, ancestor. 



Samoa: tupunga, ancestor. Tonga: tubunga, tubuanga, ancestor. 

 Futuna: tupuna, grandparents. Tahiti: tupuna, ancestor, 

 grandfather. Mangareva : tupuna, grandparents, great uncle, 

 great aunt. Niue, Mangaia, Marquesas, Paumotu: tupuna, 

 ancestor. Rapanui: tupuna, tapuna, id. Hawaii: kupuna, 

 ancestor, grandparent. Uvea: tupuanga, parent. Fotuna: 

 bua, maternal grandparent ; rufeitupuna, grandfather and grand- 

 son. Nuguria: tipuna, mother-in-law. 



Viti: tumbuna, ancestor, grandmother. 



Motu: tubuna, grandparents, ancestor. New Britain: tubuna, 



ancestor. Tanna: tupu(n), grandparent. Mota: tupui, 

 one of the second generation in the ascending or descending 

 line, ancestor or descendant. Malo: tubu, maternal grand- 

 parents, paternal grandfather. Baki: kumbuo, id. Aneityum: 

 etpon, grandparents, ancestor. Malekula: apu, grandparents. 

 Pala : tubu, grandfather. Tubetube : tubu, grandparents. 



The identification is good throughout. In the Polynesian languages 

 which employ both ng and n the form in n is used except in Samoa, Uvea 

 and Tonga tupunga, etc., which are in form derivative verbal nouns from 

 tupu to grow but otherwise are anomalous. The same suggestion appears 

 in Mota, Malo, Baki, Pala and perhaps Malekula. Efate falls in with the 

 M-forms, provided that the na be radical. 



