DATA AND NOTES. 263 



Mangareva, Moiki: iho. Paumotu: ihoiho. Nukuoro: hakaiho, 

 to go down. 

 Viti: sivo, debased, dethroned, put out of office, a tropical sense 

 germane to that in Samoa ifonga. Rotuma: sio, down. 



These words signify down : 



Vaturanga: sivo. Tangoan Santo : sibo. Omba: hivo. Nguna, 

 Mota, Santo, Sesake: siwo. Malo: siuo. Merlav, Maewo, 

 Sesake : suwo. Gog:suw,sug. Aneityum : asuol, suko. Lakon: 

 hew. Eromanga : sep. Roro : tivo. Pokau : divo. Mekeo : kipo. 

 Wedau: ipu. Mukawa: sipu. Tavara: ho pit. Wedau: opu. 

 Galoma: ribo. Keapara: rigo. Motu: diho. Tubetube: siio. 

 Raro: zi, azi. 



Arabic: safala, suful', sifl', to be low, to descend. 



With unchanging vowels the Polynesian identifications move in a regular 

 course of mutation of the two consonants, ^-//-extinction, f(v) -//-extinction. 

 We observe in this a tendency, not without exceptions, to maintain the 

 labial strong when the lingual is preserved, and to obscure the labial in 

 the aspiration of its series where the lingual has become extinct. 



The Melanesian affiliates call for more detailed examination. 



The sibilant is retained by all except that in Lakon it merges in the 

 aspiration, and here the initial aspirate is explosive, as if hv or vh; Omba, 

 too, employs the aspirate. We do not find a single instance in which the 

 labial is of the same value as in Samoa. In two languages it has been 

 strengthened to a mute, in Tangoan Santo to the sonant, in Eromanga to 

 the surd. In these languages the surd spirant is replaced by the sonant, 

 v: Vaturanga, Omba. In the greater number the reduction has progressed 

 as far as the semivowel of this series, w, or to the nearest vowel, u, the 

 distinction not being made clear in the absence of the scientific alphabet : 

 Efate, Nguna, Mota, Santo, Sesake, Merlav, Maewo, Gog, Lakon, Malo. In 

 two instances there occurs the rare leap from labial to palatal, to k in 

 Aneityum and to g in Gog. The former vowel remains at i in about half 

 of Melanesia. It changes to u in Efate, Merlav, Maewo, Sesake, Gog and 

 Aneityum, Efate and Sesake having the i-form as well. It changes to e 

 in Lakon and Eromanga. The latter vowel remains fixed at o except in 

 Efate and the languages which admit terminal abrasion, Gog, Lakon, and 

 Eromanga. The Aneityum asuol I include because of the sense, but I 

 can not identify the beginning and the ending, yet embraced therein is an 

 element which, if independent, could be referred to sifo. 



207. 



tabu, tab, bakatabtabu, to be forbidden, prohibited, sacred. 



Tonga: tabu, forbidden, consecrated, sacred. Samoa,' Futuna, 

 Niue, Uvea, Maori, Tahiti, Rarotonga, Rapanui, Marquesas, 

 Mangareva, Fotuna, Aniwa: tapu, id. Paumotu: tapu, an 

 oath, to swear. Nukuoro : tapu, prohibition. Hawaii : kapu, 

 forbidden, consecrated, sacred. 



Viti: tambu, unlawful, forbidden, sacred. 



