DATA AND NOTES. 321 



Sinaugoro: gase, id. Galoma: gae, id. Hula: aie, id. Awa- 



lama: ade, id. 

 Malay: ati, the liver, the heart (morally). Java: ati, the heart. 



Kisa: akin, id. Magindano: ati, the liver. Pampangas: 



ate, id. Ternati : fatf, id. Matu: atai, id. Tagalog: atay, id. ; 



afo', the middle. 

 Arabic: fcaW, kabid', the liver. Hebrew: fea&ed, id. Ethiopic: 



kabde, id. 



In the Efate are several puzzles. The general name for the liver in all 

 Polynesia is here the spleen of men, and it should be borne in mind that 

 in an anthropophagous society the works of one's own kind are far more 

 familiar objects than in communities of a wider dietary. The word does 

 appear as the liver, but of the shark ; the human liver is are. 



It is possible that ate may become are, this depending on the validity of 

 the proof establishing the t-r mutation presented in note 258. A re is readily 

 identifiable as ere in Malekula Uripiv, aire in New Guinea. Mota vare may 

 indicate : (1) that there is a stronger stem from which are develops by frontal 

 abrasion — in which case the ate-are identification is scarcely probable ; (2) 

 that Mota has acquired v by frontal accretion, a process which is by no 

 means satisfactorily established ; (3) Mota vare in conjunction with Viti yate 

 (see note 275) may indicate some light initial sound in Proto-Samoan, too 

 light to be caught in the general scheme of Polynesian consonant mutation, 

 but attracting the ear of the Melanesians as a sound to them difficult and 

 unusual, therefore requiring special effort to preserve, thus accounting for 

 the variance of the result in Mota and Viti. My own opinion inclines to 

 the third view. The fact that in Mota the liver word includes the chest 

 leads naturally to the inclusion of Solomon Island ati chest and Tagalog 

 ati the middle in these identifications. 



The Indonesian citations are perfectly satisfactory. 



The Semitic is the triliteral kbd. No trace of the d is found in the 

 three eastern areas. The subject of an initial sound has already been dis- 

 cussed. We know it only as astronomers know invisible celestial bodies 

 by the regularity of certain perturbations in their computations. We do 

 not certainly know what this echo of an initial sound may have been, but we 

 do know beyond any doubt that it could not have been k, for the mutation 

 scheme of that palatal is abundantly understood. 



There remains to us the consideration of Efate tiateam. I cite Dr. 

 Macdonald in extenso: 



In Efate uateam' (d. uateau) the kidneys is ua ate am', lit., fruit of the liver (or inside) 

 of the belly {am' the belly); ua-nate-natuo or ua-nate-tuo, the calf of the leg, in one 

 dialect is denoted by uateau natore, lit., kidneys of the shin (i. e., the leg from the knee 

 to the foot), and uateau laso denotes kidneys of the scrotum; ua, fruit, is used because 

 the parts spoken of are round or fruit-shaped. 



The validity of this determination of uateam' as pertaining to the ate 

 liver stem rests upon ua-ate, fruit of the liver, becoming uate through crasis. 

 In my judgment it is simpler to avoid all reference to ate liver and to find 

 in uate an identification with fuata, the stronger form from fuat fruit, as 

 to which see note 360. 



