420 THE POLYNESIAN WANDERINGS. 



able, and Moanus ndras presents the irregular reinforcement which has 

 before been noted in words from that speech. Bierian sahi corresponds 

 to Rotuma sasi and sosi, of which seas is a metathetic stage, and to Buru 

 sasi. Motu tadi finds a parallel in Satawal tati, and Duke of York tai 

 in the modern Polynesian form is not far remote from Sunda chai and 

 Macassar djai. Frontal abrasion yields asi in the Solomon Islands, Ulawa, 

 Wango, Fagani, Saa, Alite, and Bululaha, and asing in Sanguir. The Epi 

 si is another step in such abrasion readily reached through its tsi form. 

 The gasi of Tidore, Gani, and Galela smacks of the palatalization of t now 

 affecting Samoa. 



The Arabic is a resemblance. 



353- 

 tiko, a staff, a walking-staff, a pole by which a canoe is poled forward in 

 shallow water. 



Nukuoro: tokotoko, a pole. Tonga: toko, a canoe-pole, to punt; 

 tokonaki, to rest the hand on anything. Futuna : toko, a canoe- 

 pole, to punt; tokotoko, a long staff, a cane; tokoi, to support. 

 Niue : toko, a prop, to support ; tokotoko, a staff. Uvea : tokotoko, 

 a staff; tokoni, to support, to prop. Maori: toko, a pole, to 

 punt ; tokotoko, to support oneself with a stick. Marquesas : 

 totoko, to prop up with a stick ; tokotoko, a stick, a cane. Manga- 

 reva : toko, the pole of a raft, to punt ; tokotoko, a stick. Rapanui, 

 Paumotu: tokotoko, a walking-stick. Samoa: to'o, a canoe- 

 pole, to punt a canoe; to'oto'o, a staff, a walking-stick; to'onai, 

 to lean upon a staff or anything for support. Tahiti: too, a 

 canoe-pole ; tootoo, a staff or walking-stick, to punt. Hawaii : 

 koo, to punt; kookoo, a staff. 



Viti: ndoko, a punting-pole ; toko, a prop, a pole to boom out the 

 sail; tokona, to prop up. Rotuma: oi-tok, staff. 



Mota : tigo, a pole ; tigonag, to pole a canoe ; tigotigo, to use a walking- 

 stick. Malo : tiko, a walking-stick. 



Malay: takan, a staff. Kacassar: tokong, to push with a pole. 

 Malay: tongkat, a walking-stick. Tagalog: tungcod, id. 



Pampangas: tucud, id. Malagasy: tehina, a staff; mitehina, 

 to walk with a staff, to walk leaning on a person. 



Arabic: toka'at, a staff, a support, he who leans much on his side 

 and props himself up. 



The Proto-Samoan stem is tokon. 



The primal signification is the verbal one of supporting or propping. 

 This is made clear in Rotuma oi-tok, oi tree, tok to support, hence a staff. 



In Melanesia the three identifications agree upon the vowel change to 

 tiko, and Mota preserves the radical n. 



In Indonesia the Malay takan and Macassar tokong are satisfactorily 

 associated with tokon, and Malagasy tehina lags only a pace behind. But 

 Malay tongkat and the similar forms in Tagalog and Pampangas are not 

 readily reconcilable. 



The Arabic shows no trace of the radical n, and in added material differs 

 from tokon to such an extent that we may not accept it as a resemblance. 



