DATA AND NOTES. 403 



a ship. Belaga: hage, to enter; hagelia, to embark. Gog: 

 sag, up. Norbarbar: hag, id. Eromanga: sah, id. Volow: 

 ha, id. Saa: ta'e, landwards. Motu: dae, up. Wedau: 

 g'ae, id. Sinaugoro: rage, id. Keakalo: agi, id. 



Malay: daki, up. Malagasy: akatra, ascended, gone up. 



Hebrew: nasak, up, to go up. Aramaic: nsak, sak, id. 



By combining various elements in the material here assembled it is seen 

 that the Proto-Samoan has three stems, ake, sake, kake. Regarding ake 

 as the primitive stem the others devolve naturally therefrom in variant 

 significations conditioned by the prefixation of consonantal modulants. 

 The primal ake is evidenced by its existence in Futuna along with sake, 

 and in Uvea with hake. Sake is restricted to the Proto-Samoan migration ; 

 it is by no means clear whether it was originally hake or sake, for in that 

 early stage there seems to have been little distinction between aspiration 

 and sibilant; the employment of hake in Uvea (which has both h and s) 

 inclines for so much weight as it may possess toward hake over sake. From 

 the fact that kake is confined to Nuclear Polynesia and the Tongafiti area 

 it is evident that it was carried by the later migration ; it appears nowhere 

 in Melanesia. In the Solomon Islands hagelia (Nggela, Bugotu, Vaturanga, 

 Belaga), and hagevia (Nggela) suggest closed stems sakel, sakev, of which 

 no further trace exists. 



Our Melanesian forms all derive from the sake stem and very few call for 

 comment. Volow ha is doubtful for the reason that we have no record 

 of the dropping of g in that language ; while the form seems akin to Nor- 

 barbar hag, there is not a single instance here of a terminal abrasion from 

 an open stem to other than a consonant closure. Saa ta'e is readily brought 

 into line, for k is commonly elided in that speech, and the s-t mutation is 

 seen again in the next item; the sense is quite comprehensible, for every 

 landward direction in Malanta is upward, and Mota sage makes this inland 

 sense plain as defined by Codrington "to go inland towards the inner upper 

 part of the country," but generally a'e means to windward. 



The Indonesian identifications are too slight to have any particular value. 



One of the Semitic forms bears a close resemblance to sake, but this 

 amounts to little if we may look back to a primal sakel. 



339- 



sela, road, path, landing place of a canoe. 



Nukuoro: sailenga, ala, a road, a path. Tonga, Niue: hala, id. 

 Samoa, Futuna, Uvea, Hawaii: ala, id. Nuguria: hara, id. 

 Maori, Tahiti, Mangaia, Rapanui, Mangareva : ara, id. Pau- 

 motu: ear a, id. Marquesas: aa-nui, the highway. 



Viti: sala, a path, road. Rotuma: sala, id. 



Mota, Malo: sala, road, path. Deni: hala, id. Saa: tola, id. 

 Taupota : talaka, id. Awalama : talaha, id. Tavara : taeaha, id. 

 Roro: tai-ara, id. Motu: ariara, a road through a village; 

 dara, a road through forest. Uni, Pokau : dala, road. Wango : 

 tara, a road. Belaga: thalautu, id. Bugotu: hatautu, id. 

 Wedau, Kubiri, Kiviri, Oiun: eta, id. Raqa: eta-fu, id. Suau, 

 Dobu: eda, id. Galavi, Boniki, Mukawa: keta, id. Sariba, 



