DATA AND NOTES. 391 



In Indonesia there is much form diversity, but we may distinguish two 

 classes, those in ni and those in nu. 



ni-class. The closest approximation to the classic niu is Salibabo nyu 

 and Dyak nju, and Malagasy nihu comes next. From nihu we are led to 

 infer that in the East Indies this u was scarcely felt to be a pure vowel; 

 this naturally admits w as the semi-vowel form of u. Thereby we draw 

 into accord Cajeli and development forms of niwi. We find now a group 

 which picks up a final liquid, Malay nior, Liang nier, Morella niwil; and a 

 new final vowel, Gah niula, Salayer nydrah, Batumerah and Caimarian 

 niwcli. Lariko nimil is so strangely remote from niwil as to avoid explana- 

 tion. Awaiya liweli shows the n-l change already noted in Alite of Mela- 

 nesia. Bicol niyog is the only instance of the assumption of a final palatal. 



nu-class. This appears baldly in Java. Sulu nui is at least in form 

 metathetic and if that be a permissible explanation nu becomes a secondary 

 abrasion form. We have, however, no transition forms in Polynesia and 

 Melanesia to point the way to the nu-iorms in those areas. Tobo una is a 

 nui variant. The assumption of the final liquid converts nu into Malay 

 nur, and nui into Teluti nuelo, Wahai being a metathetic nuel of the 4231 

 type. Ahtiago nuim is left without explanation. 



The Semitic here proposed conies into closest resemblance with Teluti 

 nuelo. This we have seen to be a secondary development of the nu-c\ass, 

 and that class we have seen to be anomalously removed from niu. Even 

 niu itself we have been willing to suggest as an advanced phase of a primal 

 ni. Thus the chances of Semitic affinity become very small indeed. 



ori, to rub, to grate, to make a creaking grating noise (as tree branches 

 rubbing) ; ari, to plane, to scrape off, to rub off. 



Samoa: olo, to rub down, to smooth, to grate. Tonga: olo, to 

 rub, to brush, to scrub, to sharpen, to grind. Futuna: olo, 

 olol, to rub, to grate. Niue: olo, to rub, to plane; oloi, to 

 grind; holo, to rub. Uvea: holoholo, to rub. Hawaii: olo, 

 to rub, to grate. Maori: oro, to grind, to sharpen on a stone. 

 Tahiti: oro, to rub, to grate. Mangareva: oro, to rub, to 

 whet, to sharpen; ororo, to rub, to chafe. Fotuna: no-wurusi, 

 to plane, to shave ; no-soroa, to grate. 



Viti: solota, to rub, to grind, to grate; thoronga, a stone or coral 

 on which cane is grated. 



Motu: oria, to grate coconut; uro, a grindstone. Norbarbar: 



heri-v, to rub. Re tan: hara-v, id. Mota: sara-v, id. 



Malay: urut, to rub. Malagasy: utra, rubbed; urina, being rubbed. 



Arabic : 'arata, 'arat'a, to rub. Syriac : gra', to scrape off, to shave. 

 Hebrew: gara', id. 



It is impossible to consider this as wholly distinct from the stems gathered 

 in item 205. 



In that we have Samoa solo. From this the Samoan derives a transitive 

 verb by the addition of the usual verb-formative. In abundance of cases 

 in this assemblage of data we have seen that this verbal i has sufficed to 

 protect and to preserve the final consonant of Proto-Samoan closed roots. 



