DATA AND NOTES. 393 



(6) Samoa: tangulu, to snore, to emit a hollow sound. Tonga: ngulu, 

 to make a grumbling, grunting, muttering noise ; ngungidu, to 

 groan, to roar; fakangungidu, to breathe hard; fengului, to 

 mutter or murmur to one another; tangulu, to snore. Futuna : 

 ngungulu, to grunt, to emit a deep tone, a grunt, a growl, the 

 sound of rumbling thunder; songulu, to snore; iiidu, whistling 

 of the wind, any great noise, rumbling of the bowels. Niue: 

 ngungulu, to growl. Maori: nguru, to sigh, to grunt, to utter 

 a suppressed groan, to rumble, to hum. Rarotonga : ngurunguru, 

 to grunt, -to cry out, to wail. Mangareva: ngunguru, a far- 

 off noise, a heavy noise as of many voices; ngurunguru, to 

 murmur, to grunt, to stammer, to speak through the teeth. 

 Paumotu: ngurunguru, to gasp, to moan, to sigh, to breathe. 

 Hawaii : nunulu, to grunt, to growl, to sound as the singing of 

 birds, to chirp, to warble. Tahiti: unru, to groan, to grunt. 

 Fotuna: tangurunguru, thunder. 

 Viti: kuru, to thunder; ngguru, to scranch; langguru, to make a 



scranching sound. 

 Nggela: ngurunguru, to roar. Motu: urn, deep groaning, sterto- 

 rous breathing. Duke of York: pakpakuru, thunder. 

 Malay: guruh,guroh, thunder; ngaluh, to sigh.; nguru, to sigh, to groan, 

 to rumble ; kurkur, to grunt. Ilocan : gurruud, a thunderclap, 

 (c) Samoa : ngu, to growl, to make a murmuring noise as distant voices; 

 ngungu, pa'angungu, to scranch; mangungu, to be scranched, to 

 make a grinding noise as when walking over gravel ; jenguingui, 

 to talk in a low tone. Tonga: ngu, to grunt; fakangungu, to 

 grumble, to mutter. Futuna : nguu, to grunt, to groan. Niue : 

 ngu, to moan, to grunt, to roar; ngungu, to scranch; fengui, to 

 murmur. Mangaia: mangungu, thunder. Hawaii: nu, to 

 groan, to roar as wind, to grunt; nunu, a moaning, grunting, 

 groaning, a dove. Fotuna: noh-ngu, to grunt, to groan. 

 Rapanui: henguhengu, to murmur; henguingui, to read. 

 (d) Maori: ngara, to snarl. 



Nggela: ngangaralia, to scream. 



Macassar: ngangara, to shriek; gagara, to speak roughly. 

 (e) Maori: ngerengerc, to growl. Mangareva: ngere, a loud confused 

 noise. 

 Viti : ngcngele, to sing. 

 (/) Maori: ngeringeri, to growl. Samoa: ngingili, to have a good voice 

 for singing or speaking. 

 Nggela: ngingili, shouting. 



Arabic: nah'ara, to grunt; h'ara, to low; h'arh'ara, snort, snore; 

 harra, to growl, to snarl ; harharat, murmur or sound of copiously 

 flowing water. 

 We have assembled here a number of stems which have a common ele- 

 ment in form, ng-l, and in sense are united by the fact that they designate 

 things audible, almost wholly vocal noises, and uniformly they deal with 

 the inarticulate sounds. With the ng-l forms I have associated ngu, which 

 seems to be yet more elemental and to represent in itself a common factor. 



