394 THE POLYNESIAN WANDERINGS. 



The ng-l forms vary in the vowel used, as follows : ngolo, ngulu, ngala, 

 ngele, ngili. 



It is noted that the special form tangulu has already been examined in 

 item 248 and will be here omitted. 



ngolo. It is only in Samoa ngongolo that we find this stem to deal with 

 sounds other than animal; in this language the common ngolo sense is 

 carried by 'o'olo of the stem kolo which is readily associable with this group. 

 Samoa 'o'olo, according to Pratt in one of his naif definitions, is "to have a 

 voice like a hen, to speak indistinctly." Uvea kokolo is to murmur. But 

 Tonga kokolo passes from the human sound to that in exterior nature which 

 the Samoan expresses by ngolo; it signifies a continuous rumbling noise. 

 In Futuna kokolo is the grumbling of the bowels, echo, dull noise ; sound 

 of water when bubbling or flowing or falling ; the sough of the wind in the 

 leaves of the ironwood. If Samoan ngongolo deviates from the general sense 

 of an animal noise it comes back to the norm in its derivative fa'angongolo 

 to curse, to utter a malediction, and this seems to err as far in the other 

 direction, for such curses as come to most of us depend for their accuracy 

 of impact upon their clear articulation. We find the same suggestion of 

 articulation in the second sense of Maori ngoro. In Tonga taengolo the 

 former element is toe, an alternative of talc to cough. In Mangareva and 

 Hawaii the forms lacking the liquid we postpone for consideration with the 

 ngu-stem. The Viti nggolou is set here for comparison ; ngg is the equivalent 

 of Proto-Samoan k, not of ng; the sense is not exactly in agreement with 

 ngolo or kolo. Mota ngora, despite vowel change in the unaccented final 

 syllable, is clearly of this kin. Here too we note for inclusion Efat6 forms of 

 oro; oromaki suggests a stem closure in m which is not elsewhere identified. 



ngulu. As we have seen ngolo paralleled with kolo, so this stem has 

 its k-iovm kuht. That is found in Futuna iiiilu and probably in Samoa 

 fa'a'ulu'ulu (which Pratt records as fa'auluulu) to cry out, to shout either 

 from pain or fear; in Tonga uulu the sound of anything in motion, and in 

 Viti kuru. The basic signification of ngulu and kulu is the deep, confused 

 inarticulate sound, principally animal but capable of extension to outside 

 nature. In Hawaii, the northern limit of migration, ngolo and ngulu have 

 lost enough of the gruff sense to admit of the inclusion of the note of birds, 

 inarticulate but light and cheerful. With this belongs Efate uru. 



ngala. This stem is of infrequent occurrence, but we have one excellent 

 identification in each of the three island areas, and the Macassar gagara 

 proves that for it also there exists a fc-form. 



ngele. This must not be dissociated from ngili. This stem we identify 

 in Polynesia, in Viti, and in Melanesia. 



ngu. This involves as well the stem ngo. The latter is found in Ma- 

 ngareva ngongo and ngoio, in Hawaii nono and nonoo; these are in the sense 

 of snoring or the rattling of phlegm, senses quite cognate with those we 

 find for ngu. This covers all the dull and deep inarticulate sounds from 

 the snore to the peal of thunder. I regard this stem as that which primarily 

 contains the idea of inarticulate sound. The compounds with a Zo-form 

 do not express specific differences. I therefore regard them as determinant 

 compounds, each member having inter alia one common signification, the 

 compound emphasizing that sense and restricting the meaning to it. 



