DATA AND NOTES. 395 



Of the Semitic here offered the stem is hr. Of our Polynesian we have 

 seen that ng is a sufficient stem. The Semitic is not in accord therewith, 

 and if that difficulty could be obviated it looks toward the later develop- 

 ment and not toward the primordial ngo. 



333- 

 ra, tra, ta, nra, blood; mita, to bleed. 



Samoa, Fakaafo, Nukuoro, Tonga, Futuna, Niue, Uvea, Aniwa, 

 Fotuna, Nuguria, Sikayana, Vate, Maori, Tahiti, Marquesas, 

 Rapanui, Mangareva, Rarotonga, Manahiki: totb, blood. Pau- 

 motu: putotoi, bloody. Bukabuka: kura toto, dark red. 

 Hawaii: koko, blood. 

 Viti: ndra, blood. Rotuma: tot, id. 



The following signify blood : 



Sesake : nda. Makura : na-dah. Motlav, Volow, Norbarbar, Gog, 

 Merlav, Vuras: ndar. Arag: daga. Lo: ndara. Lakon: 

 data. Mosin: nar. Mota: nara. Pak, Sasar, Alo Teqel : 

 tar. Tanna: neta. Nengone: dra. Lifu: mondra. Pala, 

 Eromanga: de. Laur: da. New Caledonia : 'nte. Maewo: 

 ndai, ndei. Omba : ndai, ndrai. Malo : dai. Marina : tsae. 

 Tangoan Santo : rat. Motu : rara. Sinaugoro, Nala : lala. 



Java, Malagasy: ra. Salayer: rara. Malay: darah. Matabello, 

 Teor: larah. Saparua, Awaiya: lalah. Cajeli, Liang, Morella, 

 Lariko, Caimarian: lala. Batumerah, Gah: lalai. Teluti: 

 lata. Tobo: lawa. Mayapo, Massaratty: raha. Baju: 

 lahah. Ahtiago: lahim. Wahai: lasin. Menado, Sanguir : 

 daha. Bouton: orah. 



Arabic: dam', blood; damiya, to bleed. Hebrew: dam, blood. 

 Ethiopic: dam, id. Syriac: dem, id. 



The Melanesian stem is evidently ta. I find it impossible to bring this 

 into accord with the Polynesian toto. There is at no point a vestige of a 

 transition form from a to o. On this point I cite Mr. Codrington's note 

 (Melanesian Languages, 59) : 



The Polynesian word for blood is toto, which does not appear in the Malay Archipelago 

 at all, and in the Melanesian Vocabulary only as tot in Rotuma, where it is probably 

 an importation. But toto is used in Melanesia, and in such a way as to show that it is 

 at home there and can not possibly be an importation from Polynesia. In San Cristoval 

 toto is congealed blood; in Florida the disease haematuria is mimi-toto; and though 

 it is not unreasonable to maintain that toto may have been borrowed in those parts, 

 it would be very hard to conjecture how it had been done. But toto in the Banks Islands 

 is a poisoned arrow, and this can be shown to be the same word. The arrow is called 

 after the tree with the viscous sap of which it has been smeared, and the tree has its 

 name from the abundance of its sap, in Mota totoai, in a dialect of Fiji dotoa. The sap 

 of a tree is its blood, and it is very easy to conceive a word at one time more general in 

 its meaning being particularized to signify in one set of languages blood and in another 

 sap. It assists this view to observe that toto in San Cristoval is clotted thick blood, 

 like the thick sap totoa. 



In Efate we have ta and ra {tra and nra being m-variants) . 

 Viti ndra argues a parent in uvular r, but this does not appear in Poly- 

 nesia at all. A mere glance at the chart will show that in our Melanesian 



