6 Ocean Magnetic Observations, 1905-16 



research institution of world-wide standing, to secure adequate recognition for the 

 scientific as well as the commercial aspects of the work. 



Accordingly, it was considered best to undertake first a magnetic survey of the 

 North Pacific Ocean, which was extended later to the South Pacific. In view of the 

 newness of ocean magnetic work of the desired accuracy, it was decided to gain some 

 experience first in a chartered vessel. After considerable advertising, conducted 

 during the Director's conference trip to Europe, by Consulting Hydrographer G. W. 

 Littlehales, the brigantine Galilee was selected as being the best vessel of those 

 available for the proposed work. Subsequent experience showed that the choice 

 was a good one. Cruises to the extent of 63,834 nautical miles were carried out 

 by this vessel in the Pacific Ocean between August 1905 and May 1908. 



When authority was given to include all the oceans in the general magnetic 

 survey, it was found best to construct a vessel adapted especially to the needs of 

 magnetic work. Thus in 1909 the non-magnetic vessel, the Carnegie, of which more 

 will be said later, came into existence, and all the ocean work since 1909 has been 

 done with her. 



The account of the work done and the results of the observations made are 

 given separately for the Galilee and the Carnegie. 



DESCRIPTION OF THE GALILEE. 



The brigantine Galilee, chartered for the period July 1905 to May 1908, was a 

 wooden sailing vessel built in 1891 at Benicia, CaUfornia, by her chief owner, Captain 

 Matthew Turner, an experienced ship-builder. She was originally engaged in the 

 passenger business between San Francisco and Tahiti, until crowded out by a hne of 

 steamers, since when she had been engaged in freighting between California ports 

 and South Pacific islands. She was known as one of the fastest sailing-vessels of her 

 size in the Pacific Ocean, her best record being 308 miles in a day with full cargo. ^ 



Her length over all is 132.4 feet, beam, 33.4 feet, and depth 12.6 feet; her net 

 tonnage is about 328 and displacement about 600. To fit her for the purposes 

 of the magnetic expedition, the principal changes required were the substitution of 

 hemp rigging- for the steel rigging, and the removal, as far as practicable, of all iron 

 parts in the vicinity of the places of observation. The cabin space had to be enlarged 

 for the accommodation of the scientific personnel. Furthermore, a special observing 

 bridge, seen between the masts in the view (Plate 1, Fig. 3), was built, running 

 fore and aft, and about 12 feet above the deck. The instruments mounted on this 

 bridge were then, on the average, about 15 to 16 feet above the main deck and 25 

 to 30 feet from the remaining masses of iron, consisting chiefly of the iron bolts in 

 the sides of the vessel. After the first cruise the observing bridge was extended, 

 the galley removed to forward of the foremast, and some additional minor changes 

 were made. (See Plate 2, Fig. 1.) For further information regarding dimensions 

 and alterations of vessel, see J. F. Pratt's report on pages 128-134. 



'While the Carnegie was at San Francisco in October 1916, the Galilee was berthed alongside the same pier. She has 

 been converted into a 3-masted schooner, and is engaged in the Alaskan trade. 

 ^This was obtained by special contract from a Philadelphia firm. 



