286 MONTHLY BULLETIN, 



be determined beforehand, as seedlings do not come true to product. 

 Also the carob is dioecious and in seedling trees there is an excess of 

 staminate trees, and by budding or grafting this can be controlled. It 

 has been found that by liudding a single branch of a pistillate tree to a 

 staminate bud, there will result an abundance of pollen to fertilize 

 all the balance of the tree, thus making every tree a fruit bearer. 



TEMPERATURE RANGE. 



Eighteen degrees of frost does not injure the carob to any extent. 

 Frost conditions that did marked damage to citrus trees made no 

 impression on carobs growing within a few feet of them. 



CONCLUSION. 



And what more shall be said? Do we advocate planting carobs 

 instead of grains? Shall we plow up our alfalfa and put out this 

 thrifty tree? Are we proposing to revolutionize present good systems 

 of farm procedure? Not at all. But we do urge and expect that the 

 good sense of those who may read this will induce some of them to 

 make a respectable planting of this tree in places where now there is 

 small return, and watch the development. 



BALLING DEGREE OF FRUIT JUICES. 



By W. V. Cruess, 

 Assistant Professor of Zymology, University of California, Berkeley. 



The fruit standardization law requires that grapes for interstate ship- 

 ment should show 17° Balling (16° in the case of Emperor). The 

 "Balling degree" represents the pounds of solids in one hundred 

 pounds of clear juice. As this is nearly all sugar, it is often called the 

 "Sugar degree or percentage." 



This degree is very easily determined by means of an instrument 

 called variously a Balling saccharometer, a sugar spindle, or a liydro- 

 meter. The juice of a representative sample is obtained by crushing 

 the fruit ancl straining through cheesecloth. This strained juice is 

 placed in a tall glass or metal cylinder and the saccharometer inserted. 

 The Balling degree is then read off the scale on the stem of the floating 

 instrument. If the liquid is dense, that is, contains much sugar, a 

 large part of the stem of the instrument will be above the surface ; if 

 light, that is, containing less sugar, the instrument will sink lower. 

 The position of the saccharometer in the cylinder of juice is shown in 

 the figure. 



In order that the test shall be reasonablj^ accurate, certain precau- 

 tions are necessary. 



PRECAUTIONS. 



The cylinder used to hold the juice should be wide enough so that 

 the Balling saccharometer will float freely. If too narrow, the bulb 

 will be attracted by the walls and the test will not be accurate. For the 

 ordinary saccharometer, a cylinder one and one-half inches in diameter 

 by twelve inches in height is a suitable size. 



The saccharometer should be cleaned thoroughly and dried with a 

 soft cloth before using. Grease or sugar on the stem will spoil the 

 accuracy of the test. 



