THE MONTHLY BULLETIN, 399 



C. vulgaris Risso, common name Laranja da Terra. The trees of this 

 variety were large and very thorny, the petioles of the leaves were 

 usually very large and winged, the fruits possess a thick coarse rind, the 

 flesh is of reddish color, and the juice is scanty, having a very sour and 

 bitter taste. This variety is sometimes called the Brazilian sour orange. 

 The fruits have many seeds, and are frequently used for making marma- 

 lade and other like products. It is the most universally used variety for 

 stocks, as it is claimed to be hardy and resistant to some diseases. The 

 trees that we saw were very productive, ripening fruits in November, 

 December and January, the spring season in Brazil. 



C. deliciosa Risso, common name Laranja cravo, a variety of the 

 mandarin group, having small trees with slender branches, many spines, 

 small leaves and smooth, very thin rind fruits. The fruits are very 

 aromatic and have the strongly developed well known tangerine aroma 

 and flavor. An acid lime, C. limetta Risso; a sweet lime, C. himia 

 Willd; an acid lemon, C. limonum, and a sweet variety of lemon 

 commonly called Limao doce, were commonly found growing in citrus 

 plantings in one or two tree lots. Another citrus fruit similar to the 

 sweet lemon called Limao gallejo, C. medico Risso was found at several 

 places and seemed to be highly esteemed for household purposes. 



The Bahian navel orange was found planted at only one or two 

 places in the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro. In all cases where it was 

 possible to trace the history of these trees we found that they had been 

 secured from the Bahia district or had been propagated from buds 

 obtained in Bahia. In Rio de Janeiro we found a large plant propagat- 

 ing company called Eickhofif, Carneiro Leao & Co. In the citrus nursery 

 of this establishment we found a complete assortment of the citrus 

 varieties grown in Brazil. 



BAHIA AND THE HISTORY OF THE BAHIAN NAVEL ORANGE. 



After two weeks spent in making observations, securing photographs, 

 seeds and plant material of the citrus and other tropical fruits found in 

 the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro, our expedition returned to Bahia. 



The site of the city of Bahia was flrst visited by Amerigo Vespucci, an 

 Italian, who conducted expeditions to the coast of South America on the 

 invitation of king of Portugal first in 1501 and again in 1502. The 

 first expedition landed about 5 degrees south of the equator near the 

 present city of Pernambuco, but was repulsed by the natives. The 

 second expedition landed at All Saints Bay or Bahia, about 12 degrees 

 south of the equator, where they remained five months in friendly inter- 

 course with the natives. This was the first settlement in Brazil. When 

 the expedition returned to Europe they took with them a supply of 

 Brazil wood, from which circumstance the name Brazil became applied 

 to the country as a whole. Bahia is one of the oldest settlements in 

 America and for a long period was the capital of Brazil. The history 

 of the settlement of Bahia is filled with stirring incidents and exciting 

 adventures. 



At the present time the city has a population of about 300.000. The 

 common language of the people is Portuguese, and the architecture of 

 the buildings is modeled after the Portuguese style. The city consists 

 of two parts, one near the level of the bay, largely of business and 

 commercial character, and an upper city, built on a high precipitous 



