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though it is used for adulterating the best grades which are 

 sent to other countries. It is a triennial and poor bearer, 

 and the fibre is cleaned with difficulty. 



Narma or Nurma, sometimes also called Deo-Kupas, is a 

 fine silky cotton. It is the name of a section in India. The 

 plant bears ten to twelve years in its native country. The fibre 

 is more than one inch long and is used for the manufacture 

 of the finest linens. It is cultivated near the temples for 

 making the robes of priests. 



Sural Kupas is named after an important seaport town 

 through which most of the cotton from one district is 

 shipped. This term is often used in a general sense for cot- 

 ton coming from Sural, Broach, and Berar districts. Kupas 

 signifies clean cotton, or ginned. 



Wagarla, Wagriah or Wadhioan is also the name of a dis- 

 trict in India and represents an annual cotton growing to 

 the height of 2 cr 3 feet with a single tapering stem. The 

 bolls do not open wide, but remain closed except a crack at 

 the apex. There is considerable trouble necessary to force 

 them open and extract the fibre. The bolls are gathered 

 from the plants and afterwards opened by children. This 

 cotton is suitable for the manufacture of only the coarser 

 grades of cloth. 



The other names mentioned in the list are local rather 

 than descriptive. 



Prior to 1810 the Indian and Egyptian cottons were 

 coarse and of an inferior quality. But since that year a 

 systematic effort was made by the English Government to 

 improve the character of the plant by blending it with the 

 American upland and sea Island varieties with remarkable 

 success. The war between the states from 1861 to 1865 

 greatly encouraged the cultivation of cotton in these for- 

 eign countries. Commissioner Young in his report of the cot- 

 ton exhibit at the Paris Exposition in 1878, says : "From 

 this exhibition I learned that the cotton of all or nearly all 

 of the Indian provinces has been greatly improved by the 

 introduction of American seed. It was in "Dharwar that our 



