332 



INDEX. 



Bull pine, curve of growth, 133 

 Buntsandstein, 268 

 Burial customs of Hohokam, 78 

 Bush, definition of, 178 

 in Guatemala, 212 

 relation to changes of cliraate, 190 



density of population, 180 

 vegetation in Guatemala and Yucatan, 

 218 

 Buttresses, effect of, on tree measurements, 155 f. 

 Buzani, ruins at, 86 (., 138 



Spanish mission at, 65, 86 f . 



Cababi, pottery at, 47 



Caborca, 65 



Caledonian Mountains, 277, 286, 287 



Calendar of Mayas (see Chronology). 



Caliche in terraces, 24, 25 



CaUfomia: 



Annual distribution of rainfall, 141, 157 f. 

 Climatic changes compared with Asia, 171 ff. 



Mexico, 207 S. 

 Monthly distribution of rainfall, 159 ff. 

 Rainfall compared with England, 241 

 Relation of tree growth to sun-spots, 238 

 Variations of temperature, 208 

 Cambric: 



Climate of, 270, 276 

 Cool period in Lower, 287 

 Glaciation in, 269 

 Life of, 276 



Mountain-making in, 276, 287 

 Campeche, coast of, 176 

 ruins in, 217 

 Canada del Oro, terraces of, 25, 29 

 Canada, Proterozoic glaciation in, 272, 295, 296 

 Canals, ancient, 44, 46 

 Canby, H. S., 142 

 Canoes in Mexico City, 96 

 Canyon de Chelly, 75 



los Frijoles, 83 f., 91 

 Carbon dioxide, in Upper Carbonic, 278 

 Carbonic acid theory of glaciation, 234, 235, 261, 289 

 Carbonic, Lower: 

 Climate of, 277 

 Coal in, in Arctic region, 277 

 Life of, 277 



Mountain-making in, 278 

 Carbonic, Upper: 



Carbon dioxide in, 278 

 Climate of, 278 

 Floras of, 278 

 Insects of, 278 

 Life of, 278 

 Carnegie Institution, relation to investigation, 2 

 Clascade Mountains, 281 

 Caspian Sea, as basis of corrective factor, 156 

 Cattle, economic importance to Indians, 51 

 raising and rainfall, 14 



in Guatemala, 216 

 relation to terraces, 33 

 Caves of Yucatan, 176 f. 

 Cavo, cited, 207 

 Cedars of Lebanon, age of, 139 

 "Cenotes" of Yucatan, 176 f., 184 

 Census, at El Paso, 138 



Ceremonial platforms (see Religious structures), 68 

 Cerra Tortuga, ancient graves, 65 

 Ceylon compared with Maya civilization, 223 

 Chaco, Canyon, ruins in, 17, 75, 79 ff. 

 Chamberlin, T. C, cited, 23, 234 



and Salisbury, on Permic interglaclal warmer 

 climates, 268 

 Changes of climate (see Climatic Changes) 

 Chapman, K. M., cited, 44, 82, 84 

 Chapultepec, 97 



Charco del Yuma ruins, 53 ff. 

 Chaves Canyon, 76 

 Chewing gum, from zapote tree, 186 

 Chiapas, ruins in, 186, 217 

 Chichen Itza: 



Date of, 227, 228 

 Ruins of, 183, 229 

 " Chicleros," 186 

 Chihuahua, terraces in, 99 

 Children, effect of malaria on, 181, 220 

 China compared with Mayas, 184, 185 



Proterozoic glaciation in, 271, 293, 294, 295 

 tiiUtes of, 269, 271, 272, 294, 295 

 Chinese Turkestan compared with Arizona, 57 

 Chiquimula River, terraces of, 213 

 Chronology and climate, 3 



Of ancient America, 88, 90 

 Maya ruins at Copan, 214 

 Mayas, 227 f. 

 Cisterns in Yucatan, 184 f. 

 Civilization, causes of rise and fall, 226 



conditions of high, in past and present, 219 f. 

 measures of greatness of, 184 

 Civilizations, succession of (see Culture, stages of), 85 

 Cliff-dwellers, relation to topography, 17 

 Cliff-dwellings, 75 



Of Pajaritan Plateau, 83 

 In southern New Mexico, 71 

 Cliffs of arid regions, 17 

 CUmate: 



And history, summary of theory, 232 



human character in equatorial regions, 181 f ., 221 

 topographic changes, 289 

 Arid, 269, 277, 286, 288 

 Cambric, 270, 276 

 Chart of changes, 285 

 Cold vs. warm, 286, 288 

 Devonic, 277 



Effect upon topography, 15 ff. 

 Effects of, on ocean, 279 

 Eocene, 283 



Evidence of sediments as to, 273 

 General conclusions, 23, 288 f. 



instability of, 235 

 Glacial, history of study of, 265 

 Insular, 288 

 Jurassic, 281, 287 

 Liassic, 280, 281, 286 

 Lower Carbonic, 277 

 Cretacic, 282 

 Miocene, 284 



Of geological times, 257 ff. 

 land, vs. water, 287, 288 

 New Mexico, Arizona, etc., 9 ff. 

 Ordovicic, 276, 277, 287 

 Permic. 279 

 Siluric.'276, 277, 286 

 Triassic, 280 

 Upper Carbonic, 278 



Cretacic, 283, 286, 288 

 Climatic changes: . 



According to Hewett, Henderson, and Robbms, 90 ff. 



Botanical evidence in New Mexico, 92 



Cause of, 4, 5, 233 ff. 



Co-ordination in diffeient parts of the world, 139 ff. 



Crustal deformation as cause of, 257 ff. 



Dates of, 43 



Effect on roan, 48, 92, 210 



upon seasonal precipitation in Mexico, 207 ff. 

 Effects upon history of America, 88 f., 225 

 In Asia compared with America, 90, 171 ff.; 

 California, evidence of recent changes, 153 

 Mexico, 95 ff. 



compared with California, 207 ff. 

 Limitations in method of measuring by tree growth, 

 1.52 



