34 ANTHROPOLOGY IN WESTERN HEMISPHERE AND PACIFIC ISLANDS. 



exist in eight universities in the United States, in connection with all of which 

 anthropological research work is successfully carried on. Certain European 

 institutions have also prosecuted important researches in the Americas and 

 in the islands of the Pacific, several being especially rich in museum collec- 

 tions from these areas. 



PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY. 



Physical anthropology has as yet scarcely made a beginning in the 

 Western Hemisphere and the islands of the Pacific. There is only one 

 expert physical anthropologist in America devoting his entire time to this 

 division of the subject. It is gratifying that occasionally others, such as 

 psychologists, neurologists, biologists, and other anthropologists, have been 

 enticed into the field and have made contributions of note. 



To render valuable, in comparative study, all anthropological measure- 

 ments hereafter to be made by experts, America has recently assisted in 

 standardizing a universal anthropometric system. 



Physical anthropology has critically examined the claims advanced 

 for the existence of extremely early man in both North and South America. 

 It has made important contributions to our knowledge of the physical 

 characteristics of many tribes of American Indians. It has revealed the 

 inheritance of many normal and abnormal human characteristics, such as 

 pigmentation, malformations, feeble-mindedness, and tendencies to various 

 diseases. Studies have been made of European immigrants, showing cer- 

 tain physical modifications apparently due to environment. In the study 

 of children, especially adolescent boys and girls, the science has gone far 

 and has reached conclusions of permanent and wide influence. 



Scarcely a museum exists in America which has not osteological speci- 

 mens of the American Indians, so that large amounts of such materials are 

 assembled in their local life-zones. In the United States National Museum 

 there has been accumulated not only the best collection of physical anthro- 

 pological material in America, but one of the best in the world; the collection 

 bids fair soon to eclipse all others. 



ETHNIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 



Large things have been accomplished in ethnic anthropology among 

 primitive people in the areas under consideration. Many typical tribes in 

 many of the linguistic stocks of natives have been studied and described, 

 some of them more or less thoroughly, like the Arapaho, Eskimo, Hupa, 

 Iroquois, Maori, etc. A great many others have been described superficially 

 or fragmentarily. A large mass of reliable descriptive data is therefore 

 ready to contribute to the solution of the larger anthropological problems. 



The linguistic aflfinities of the hundreds of tribes north of Mexico have 

 been determined, with only a tribe now and then in question. The geo- 

 graphic range of the linguistic stocks north of Mexico has been determined 

 and mapped. The migration routes of a few linguistic stocks have been 



