32 ANTHROPOLOGY IN WESTERN HEMISPHERE AND PACIFIC ISLANDS. 



ethnic studies. Hand in hand with the study of man's phylogeny should go 

 that of his ontogeny or individual development. From birth to death the 

 life of normal man under different typical environmental conditions should 

 be known and recorded. Every infinitesimal step of the life of the normal 

 individual should be scrutinized, with the practical object of enabling the 

 man of the future to reach the highest possible point of development. 



The physical anthropologist should know and teach the value of types 

 of men already naturally adapted by selective process to diverse environ- 

 ments. Po subject to hereditar}^ variation is mankind that all typical vari- 

 ations should be studied as to manifestation, cause, and result. The laws 

 of human inheritance should become such common knowledge that man- 

 kind, always largely controlled in conventional marriage by public opinion, 

 may be controlled by an educated public opinion. When society is so con- 

 trolled man can, and it is hoped very largely will, build up his successive 

 generations with intelligent purpose, looking more and more to the welfare of 

 unborn generations. 



ETHNIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 



Ethnic anthropology has as its subject-matter all those descriptive data, 

 zoological and cultural, which enable a student to distinguish between vari- 

 ous human groups, such as the different races, peoples, and tribes. It deals 

 with all human groui)s, except such as exist primarily because of unity of 

 belief, interest, or social function. 



The research aim of the ethnic anthropologist is, first, to study unde- 

 scribed ethnic groups; second, from all descriptive ethnic material, whether 

 new or old, so long as it is authoritative, to discover the distinguishing char- 

 acteristics of various ethnic groups together with the causes, the meaning, 

 and the importance of such characteristics; third, to study the modification of 

 ethnic groups and group characteristics, resulting from amalgamations and 

 blendings, from migrations, and from change of environment, whether geo- 

 graphic, ethnic, or cultural. This division of the science, in conjunction with 

 physical anthropology, brings the anthropologist into closest touch with 

 modern peoples and practical problems. 



CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY. 



Cultural anthropology has as its subject-matter all of those artifacts, 

 activities, and institutions of man which characterize him as a creature of 

 developing intelligence. Man's manual, psychical, and social expressions 

 are cumulative, the results of ceaselessly developing intelligence; those of the 

 other animals are almost entirely stationary, the result of age-long inherited 

 instinct. 



The research aim of the cultural anthropologist is fourfold : 

 First, to discover the mainsprings of development and the origins of 

 culture — or, in other words, those things which early characterized man as a 

 developing animal. 



