THE BROAD-SCLEROPHYLL VEGETATION OF CALIFORNIA. 121 



group particularly so. This includes species that belong properly 

 to the early stages of primary and secondary successions, remaining 

 as relicts in the climax or subclimax. They have been considered 

 at some length in the section dealing with development. 



A complete list of the forest undergrowth is here impracticable, 

 since the flora is so different in various parts of the State. This is 

 especially true in the outer Coast Ranges, where a large element of 

 the herbaceous flora of the redwood forest would have to be included. 

 In the central Coast Ranges, away from redwood dominance, the 

 following shrubs are important as undergrowth: 



Holodiscus discolor Rubus vitifoliua C. and S. 



var. ariasfolius (Wats.) Jepson. Symphoricarpos racemosus Michx. 



In the lowest stratum Aspidium rigidum var. arguium Eat. and 

 Micromeria chamissonis (Benth.) Greene are prominent throughout 

 the year, and species of Fritillaria, Calochortus, Trillium, Smilacina, 

 and other spring-flowering genera are conspicuous for a brief time. 

 A complete list from a single typical locality is given on page 38. 



The herbaceous vegetation of the normal undisturbed chaparral 

 is exceedingly scanty, both in number of species and of individuals. 

 Further, few of the species that do occur can be considered as peculiar 

 to the chaparral. All of them could without serious inaccuracy 

 be consigned to the category of incidentals. However, a few have 

 been selected which seem to be more characteristic of the chaparral 

 than of any other community. All of these are perennials. Naturally 

 they are more abundant in the less xerophytic situations. This list 

 is fairly complete only for the localities with which I am most familiar. 

 Doubtless other species would be added with more extended obser- 

 vation. Several have the peculiar habit described under Zygadenus 

 fremontii. 



List III. — Herbaceous Species of the Chaparral. 



92. Gymnogramme triangularis Kaulf. Gold-back fern. Rather frequent in the more 

 mesophytic situations. 



93. Pellaea mucronala (Eaton) Maxon [P. ornithopus Hook.]. Bird-foot fern. Char- 

 acteristic of especially dry situations, often where the chaparral is thin. 



94. Zygadenus fremontii Torr. Frequent under the chaparral bushes in suppressed 

 condition, not flowering in such state; conspicuous after fire or clearing, flowering freely 

 and seemingly suddenly increasing in abundance. 



95. Xerophyllum tenax Nutt. Turkey-beard. Decidedly infrequent, but very con- 

 spicuous after fires. 



96. Chlorogalum pomeridianum (Ker.) Smith. Soapweed. Similar in habits to the last. 



97. Brodi&a californica Jepson. Twining brodiaea. An anomalous member of the 

 genus in its climbing habit; straggling and weakly twining upon chaparral bushes; lower 

 altitudes of the Sierra Nevada. 



98. Lilium washingtonianum Kellogg. Washington lily; chaparral lily. In the chapar- 

 ral of the Sierras and in the mountains of northern California, and northward to the Colum- 

 bia River. 



99. Aster radulinus A. Gray. Growing in suppressed condition; flowers after clearing. 



