71 



(■(Uicntion, nor should it he ovorlooked thMt toohnioal studies have also a high 

 cultural value. 



There is a strouj: aud sl^nificaut teudeiicy to hriiifr educational interests near 

 to the real interests of life. The cultural value of the sciences and of the 

 applied sciences is heini; recojrnized as never hefore. Aside from learning 

 rhei-ehy to do the things that need to he done in life, when projterly pursued 

 and with the reipiisitc^ thoroughness and devotion, the sciences and the applied 

 sciences furnish a disci]iiiiie in education not inferior to that of the classics. 

 Even the courses that seem mercilessly exclusive of general culture studies, as 

 the course in architecture in the T'niversity of Illinois, include such sul).iects as 

 the history of architecttu'e, which is itself a most lii)eral and suggestive subject; 

 tor the spiritual ideals and aspirations of an age embody themselves in the 

 architectun', and the history of architecture is in some large degree the history 

 of the race. 



J. il. Hamilton, of Montana, i)resented the following paper: 



ReI^TIVE A.MOl'NTS OF I'lTRE AND APPLIED SCIENCE IN THE LaND-GRANT COLLEGES. 



The central tiiought in the title is science. Science in its broadest significance 

 and widest nu'aning emitraces all classilied and organized knowledge. For the 

 jmrpose of this discussion the scope of science will be limited to the knowledge 

 of the forces and materials of the natural world. Such sciences as philology, 

 metajihysics, etc.. will not be considered as i)roi)erly within the Held of this 

 iiKluiry. The mathematical, jihysical, and biological sciences will he deemed 

 sulticiently com])reiiensive to mark a bound to the limits of this p.-iper. 



Furthermore, only that will be called "science" in which the factors of cause 

 and effect are so comph'tely known that before a theory is applied to a definite 

 problem the results can be predicted with reasonaitle certainty. That part of 

 astronomy which api)lies to eclipses is science. The kind, time, duration, and 

 locality of an eclipse can be predicted with absolute certainty many years in 

 advance, for all factors intliiencing the astrononiic.al idieiiomenon known as an 

 "eclipse" are known. The weather can not be forecasted with the same degree 

 of certainty twenty-four hours in advance. Evidently there are forces at work 

 in climate not yet fully understood. Meteorology has not attained the same 

 degree of scientitii- perfection as astronomy. Commtinication between mind 

 and mind happens occasionally, apiiarently without the ordinary media of 

 thought transference. A theory of mental telepathy has l)eeii hypothesized 

 upon these unexplained occurrences ; but when a favorable enviromnent is 

 arranged and the telepathic message is started it so seldom reaches the intended 

 destination that all claims to mental telepathy being a science fall to the ground. 



By placing this limit upon the meaning of the word science an enormous 

 amount of rubbish that fre(iuently is ex)iloited as science and often masquerades 

 under the name is disqualitied. and the discussion is thereby clarified. It is 

 l)erfectly competent and highly desirable for investigators, teachers, and ad- 

 vanced students to labor with this undilTerentiated mass of undigested material ; 

 for it is by such research that the boundaries of science are inished back, and 

 without empirical work little or no progress is possil)le in the increase of scien- 

 tific knowledge. It is a ([uestion whether or not the average undergraduate 

 student should be set to work upon those problems whose oidy claims to science 

 are supported by nothing better than tradition, assertion, or opinion. 



Science, as used in the title of this paper, is limited and qualified by the 

 terms " imre " and "applied." In a legitimate sense all science is imre, in that 

 it is truth: but for the purposes of this discussion pure and applied science 

 will be considered mutually exclusive. I'ure science is that part which has 

 not been ])ut to any economic use. Applied science is that part which has been 

 utilized in the solution of the problems and situations of life. The eftect of 

 water upon plant groAvth is scientific knowledge which is directly applied in the 

 economy of the world's food supply. A knowledge of the composition, size, and 

 movements of the star Sirius does not affect the daily life of any. Between 

 these two extreme examples there are- thousands of other cases, shading imper- 

 ceptibly into each other. The line of demarcation between pure and applied 

 science" is neither definitely nor permanently drawn. To-day some fact of sup- 

 posed applied science proves unworkable and is relegated to the domain of inire 

 science ; to-morrow some concrete application is discovered for a hitherto wholly 

 abstract principle. Perhaps the motive furnishes the best basis for classifica- 

 tion. Scientific research that is carried on for the acquisition of truth only and 



