14 The Nature and Origin of Stipules. 



It is argued from the presence of a median vein in the ligule of 

 some of the grasses in which this organ is supplied with vascular 

 support that it cannot be formed of two stipules grown together. 



IIill)lirg, C — Dissertation iiber den Bau und die Function der Neben- 

 blatter. (Reviewed by F. Hildebrand in Flora, (II), 36 : 161-167. 1878. ) 



The general neglect of the subject of stipules and the timeli- 

 ness of this dissertation is referred to by the reviewer. 



The functions of stipules as protecting organs are discussed. 

 They are considered under the heads of (1) those protecting the 

 buds in winter, (2) those protecting the growing parts in the 

 spring, (3) those which serve as protection against insects and 

 other animals, (4) those which serve as well the function of as- 

 similation. 



The adaptation of most stipules in their form and manner of 

 growth to the special function they are intended to fulfill and the 

 apparent lack of function in others is remarked upon. 



Clos, D. — Des Stipules et de leurrole ii I'infloresence et dans la Fleur. 

 Mem. Acad. Sci. Toulouse, (VII), 10: 201-317. 1878. 



This paper is the first part of an extended consideration of the 

 subject of stipules. It deals with their occurrence in the families 

 of plants and their importance in classification on account of the 

 great variety of their characteristics. 



Clos, D. — De la part des Stipules a I'infloresence et dans la Fleur. Comptes 



Rendus, 87: 305-306. 1878. 



The stipular nature of the sepals in Geranium, Helianthemum^ 

 Begonia, Oxalis, Alchimilla, Viola and many other genera in dif- 

 ferent families is maintained. 



Dixon, Alex. — On the stipules of Spergularia marina. Journal of Botany 



(Trimen), 7: 316. 1878. 



Attention is called to the anomalous connation of the stipules 

 of Spergularia marina Griseb. exterior to the petioles of the 

 opposite leaves. 



Clos, D. — Des Stipules consid^r(5es au point de vue morphologique. Bull. 

 Sec. Bot. Fr. 26: 151-155. 1879. 



Under this title a summary of the opinions of botanical au- 

 thorities as to the true nature of stipules is given and the different 

 theories are briefly discussed. 



Various leaves have been considered as stipules, for example 

 the primary leaves of Asparagus (Dutrochet), the first leaves of 



