80 TEAK'S ACTIONS OF THE [jAN. 21, 



A. Oreenei, Gray, A. Rushyi, Greene, with rarely a specimen 

 of A. Mattheiusii, Wats. — a species belonging more properly 

 to the open country; Potentilla suhviscosa, Greene, Carum ' 

 Gairdneri, Ligusticum montamim, ApIo2Mppus croceus, Gray, 

 Troximon glaucum, Nutt., Senecio Arizonicus, Greene, S. 

 Actinella, Greene, Actinella Bigelovii, Gray, A. scaposa, Nutt., 

 and Solidago nana, Nutt.; early in the season the ground is 

 aflame with the beautiful Phlox speciosa, Pursh, var. Wood- 

 housei, Gray. 



Everywhere through the forest we encounter beautiful open 

 parks, from a few acres to several square miles in area. Here 

 the grasses are taller, often nearly two yards high, and of dif- 

 ferent species. Stipa pennaia, L., var. Nco-Mexicana, Thurb., 

 and S. comata, Trin., are conspicuous. Other plants which con- 

 stantly occur in such locations are Senecio Douglassii, DC, 

 Aster tanacetifoUus, H. B. K., A. canescens, Pursh, Hymeno- 

 pappus Mexicanus, Gray, Actinella Rusbyi, Gray, the beautiful 

 Gilia multif,ora, Nutt., Eriogonum cernuum, Nutt., Astraga- 

 lus Hosackm, Greene, and many Eritricliiums of the Jamesii, 

 glomeratum and setosissimum type. It is usually, or at least 

 very commonly, in these parks that the permanent water-sup- 

 plies are to be found. The soil underlying the forest consists, 

 for the most part, to a great depth, of loose volcanic rock, upon 

 the surface of which no stream can form a permanent bed. The 

 water-courses, therefore, are far beneath the surface, but re- 

 appear occasionally to form living pools of delicious water, often 

 a hundred yards or more in diameter. About these springs are 

 found characteristic species, sedges and rushes. Iris Missou- 

 riensis, Nutt., Epilohium paniculatum, Nutt., Camjyanula 

 Scheuchzerii, Vill, and the like. 



During the heavy rains, even this porous soil is not sufficient 

 to absorb the entire fall of water, and it runs off through the hoi- • 

 lows, very readily washing out the loose material to form ravines 

 and small canyons of the very roughest class. Up along these 

 canyons creep many of the lowland plants, and down them 

 escape many of those of the highland, producing a richly 

 varied and characteristic flora. Cnicus of several species, Lac- 

 tuca pulclieJla, DC., a peculiar form of Verbena poly stachy a, 

 H. B. K. (?), Synthyris p)lantaginca, Benth., Hedeoma pro- 

 cumbens, Greene, a beautiful little species, Senecio Rusbyi, 

 Greene, Pentstemon Palmeri, Gray, Primus demissa, Walp. , 

 Spirma millefolium, Torr., and S. discolor, Benth., Cowania 

 Mexicana, D. Don, Ribes cerevm. Dough, Fendlera rupicola, 

 Eng., Sambucus glaucus, Nutt., Lonicera involucrata, Banks, 

 Lupinus rivularis. Dough, var. latifolius, Wats., Ivesia de- 

 pauperata, Gray, Galium Wrightii, Gray, and G. microphyl- 



