ILLUSTRATIONS 



PAGE 



Stack of McCracken machine-made pipe, showing tongue and groove 



joint Cover cut 



Fig. 1. Stackyard at Continental, Arizona, and "ramada" forcuring the pipe 



under cover Frontispiece 



Fig. 2. Stack of 15-inch cement pipe made by the irrigation department, 



University of Arizona, in 1907 T^ 



Fig. 3. Small irrigation ditch near Tucson, showing loss of entire flow by 



seepage 74 



Fig. 4. The McCracken No. 2 pipe machine at Continental, Arizona 76 



Fig. 5. View of 20-inch packer-head used at Continental, Arizona 76 



Fig. 6. The McCracken No. 3 pipe machine with equipment for bell-end 



sewer pipe 78 



Fig. 7. McCracken sewer pipe with bell and spigot joint 79 



Fig. 8. Schenck packer-head, the trowel and 4 wings 82 



Fig. 9. The National pipe machine 83 



Fig. 10. The Thomas-Hammond pipe machine 85 



Fig. 11. The Sanders (Pomona) pipe machine 87 



Fig. 12. The Kellar-Thomason pipe macliine 88 



Fig. 13. Filling the ordinary hand molds with a pneumatic tamper 89 



Fig. 14. Pipe molds for hand-tamped pipe 92 



Fig. 15. Johnson reinforced pipe joint 94 



Fig. 16. Cage of Triangle Mesh reinforcement witli wires properly spliced... 95 



Fig. 17. Yaqui Indians tamping 15-inch cement pipe 100 



Fig. 18. Laying the concrete pipe for water supply main for City of Tucson. .105 



Fig. 19. Laying 20-inch cement pipe in shallow ditch at Continental 105 



Fig. 20. A cracked gate pit at Continental, caused by expansion of pipe line. .110 



Fig. 21. Longitudinal crack in 20-inch pipe line Ill 



Fig. 22. Increase in weight and expansion of cement pipe 112 



Fig. 23. Effect of saturation on pipe that had been broken in testing machine. . 114 

 Fig. 24. Testing 16-inch machine-made pipe for resistance to internal press- 

 ure, at the Tucson city pumping plant, 1917 118 



Fig. 25. Test specimens broken in internal pressure testing machine 119 



Fig. 26. Apparatus for making external pressure tests 124 



Fig. 27. Cement pipe, completely disintegrated while curing 141 



Fig. 28. Design for square gate pit 143 



Fig. 29. Riser and circular valve for taking out water for orchards or row 



crops 144 



Fig. 30 Method of irrigation from pipe line at Continental, used on the bot- 

 tomland 145 



Fig. 31. Method of irrigation from pipe line at Continental, used on the side 



slopes 146 



Fig. 32. Method of construction of orchard pipe lines in the citrus district 



around Riverside. California 148 



Fig. 33. Map of a 540-acre field at Continental, showing 10-ft. contours and 



layout of main supply line and laterals 148 



Fig. 34. A division and measuring pit where main supply of water is divided 



into two equal heads 151 



Fig. 35. Sneci;d gate pit for forcing water up a lateral on a steep grade 152 



Fig. 36. Carryin"" capacities of cement pipe and corrugated iron culverts of 



equal diameters 159 



Fig. Zl . Common type of gate in ditch bank 161 



