SUMMARY 



This bulletin is a general treatise on cement pipe, its manufac- 

 ture, its characteristics and its applications. The bulletin describes 

 the various machines used in pipe making, the details of making 

 and of laying, the dangers inherent in cement pipe making and in 

 pipe lines, the testing of pipe and the results obtained, the design 

 of pipe lines and structures, and the utility of cement pipe for 

 various purposes. 



PIPE MACHINES 



1. Pipe-making machines of many designs have proven success- 

 ful, not only for plain tile, but for jointed pipe also. 



2. The two general classes of pipe machines are : first, those 

 employing the tamping principle, and, second, centrifugal or packer- 

 head machines. The latter type have greater speed and capacity 

 per day and are especially adapted to small sizes of pipe. 



3. Pipe making by machinery requires skill and experience and 

 will always depend upon specially trained operators. The purchase 

 of a machine and equipment requires an investment of from $4000 

 to $10,000. 



4. Good pipe requires good materials — cement, sand, and small 

 broken rock ; thorough mixing ; expert handling of the machine ; and 

 careful, thorough curing, preferably under protection from sun and 

 drying winds. 



5. Machine-made pipe has admirable qualities ; it is true in 

 dimensions and shape, smooth inside, dense, strong, impervious, 

 and of relatively low cost. 



6. Some problems relating to machine-made pipe are still to be 

 solved, notably the problem of how to make steel reinforcement 

 effective in such pipe. 



HAND-MADE PIPE 



7. Making pipe by hand in molds has been done successfully 

 for many years. Such pipe has been widely used. Its use is now 

 being supplanted by that of machine-made pipe. However, there 

 will always be a field for hand-made pipe, particularly for small jobs 

 and in localities far removed from railroads. 



8. Hand-made pipe, as produced in different pipe yards, is 

 extremely variable in quality, ranging from weak, porous, mis- 

 shapen pipe, mostly sand, cured in the open air. to sound, well- 



