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Bulletin 



small ditches, as from pumping plants, to convey the water in 

 cement pipe lines. Concrete linings are coming into use widely, 

 and they will be employed more extensively as projects become 

 thickly settled and the value of the water increases. The Tucson 

 Farms Company has lined 2>^ miles of its canals with 3-inch re- 

 inforced concrete. The cost of this lining was about $18,000, while 

 the value of the water saved is at least $40,000. An excellent 

 example of concrete lining for field laterals is to be found on the 

 ranch of B. A. Fowler near Phoenix, as shown in the frontispiece. 

 The Agricultural Products Corporation has used cement pipe lines 



j.-jg 3 — Lining earth canals with a 2-inch lining of concrete at Litchli3l<l, 

 Arizona. The total cost of this work in 1918 averaged 11 cents per square foot. 



thruout for its distribution system, twenty-six miles in all. The 

 Southwest Cotton Company uses both canal linings and cement 

 pipe lines and ultimately will carry all irrigation water in concrete. 

 Concrete linings and pipe lines have additional advantages: ditch 

 cleaning is nearly or quite eliminated; breaks, especially those 

 caused by the gopher holes, cannot occur; and the labor cost of 

 irrigating is reduced. 



EVAPOR.^TION FROM IRRIGATED FIELDS 



The direct evaporation of water from the ground surface may 

 account for from 10 to 40 percent of the water applied. This loss 



