140 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May-Oct., 



My observations have ied me to occasional slight modifications 

 of his limits, as in placing the lower limit of the Paramo above 

 Bogota at only 3100 meters. Here local conditions explain such 

 a change. But in general outline, and in nearly all details, his 

 scheme may be adopted for plants as for animals. Plants seem 

 more subject to geographical differentiation than animals, so that 

 in certain genera the same zone on different Cordilleras has related, 

 but never the same, species. A fuller discussion of this subject will 

 be given in the concluding paper of this series — now I wish but 

 to make the summary of distribution accompanying each species 

 of this study intelhgible. 



The vegetation of a land so diverse as Colombia is immensely 

 rich; consequently upon a short expedition it has been impossible 

 to foLow out in comparative study any wide number of families. 

 A few groups well selected, and so far as possible all their species 

 considered, will give data for geographical botany nearly as precise 

 as would the comparing of many families. I have studied the 

 Scrophulariaceae, keeping a record of each species, and making a 

 careful floral description of each. For the Temperate and Paramo 

 zones, and for the Tropical prairies, this family furnishes an excel- 

 lent index to floral areas. My collections were mainly in these 

 regions, and of herbaceous plants, so that from a phytogeographical 

 viewpoint, the selection of this family has been justified. It is my 

 hope to follow this study with that of some allied group requiring 

 forest environments, probably of the Gesneriaceae. 



The present paper gives the results of a study of only about one- 

 half the Scrophulariaceae of Colombia — those which we may cail 

 the Antirrhinoid genera. These fall into several tribes, each pre- 

 dominant or restricted to a special life-zone. The Gratioleae are 

 mainly Tropicai, while wholly so are the Russelieae and Angelonieae. 

 The Mimuleae, Hemimerideae and Fagelieae, the last with many 

 conspicuous species, predominate in the Temperate Zone of the 

 mountain-slopes. The genus Bartsia, of the Rhinanthoid Scrophu- 

 lariaceae and so yet to be studied, is best developed in the Paramo 

 Zone. 



Necessarily the chief basis of this study has been my own collec- 

 tions. I have however revised all the collections from Colombia 

 which I know to be in the United States. These are surprisingly 

 meagre, and from widely scattered localities. The chief are those 

 made by H. H. Smith in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in 

 1899-1901; by I. F. Holton near Bogota and in Valle in 1852-1856; 



