THE ALUMNI JOURNAL. 



239 



dullary rays, which are straight, are com- 

 posed of two rows of cells. Round and 

 oval starch granules were noticeable in 

 the medullary rays and in the paren- 

 chyma. 5. Cortex Muavi. The bark 

 examined was in flat pieces, reddish- 

 brown externally and brown internally. 

 It has a horny texture and an aromatic 

 odor. It is characterized by extensive 

 sclerotization. The periderm is almost 

 entirely absent. The phellogen consists 

 of four rows of cells, which, to the greater 

 part, have become transformed into 

 stone-cells. In the primary bark the 

 stone-cells often form closed rings. Bast- 

 fibers are but little represented. In the 

 secondary bark numerous groups of 

 stone-cells are present, which form a 

 mixed sclerenchymatous ring with the 

 bast-fibers. The medullary rays wind 

 their way between the stony cellular tis- 

 sues. Groups of balsamiferous ducts are 

 seen in the secondary bark. The alka- 

 loid muavine appears to reside in the 

 parenchyma, the medullary rays and the 

 ' cibriform ducts. 6. Cortex Terminaliae 

 tomentosae. This bark is covered with 

 a thick outer bark. The periderm con- 

 tains an inner and an outer corky layer, 

 between which bast-bundles and paren- 

 chyma are situated. Stone-cells are no- 

 where present in this bark. In the prim- 

 ary bark, the parenchymatous tissue is 

 arranged tangentially, but few bast- fibers 

 are here present. In the secondary bark 

 the bast-fibers have a concentric arrange- 

 ment ; many star-shaped crystals, often 

 of large dimensions, are also present. 

 Gum ducts are irregularly distributed. 

 The medullary rays consist of one to two 

 rows of cells. Starch granules are also 

 present. 7. Cortex Terminaliae Catap- 

 pae L. In the periderm, layers of cork 

 alternate with parenchyma, bast-fibers, 

 cribriform ducts and crystal cells. Stone- 

 cells are not present. The parenchyma 

 or the secondary bark consists of poly- 



hedral, thin-walled cells, which contain 

 tanum and starch. The bast-bundles 

 are arranged in tangential rows, which 

 are separated from each other by the 

 medullary rays. Lactiferous ducts with 

 granular contents are arranged in rows. 

 The medullary ra3^s are straight, and 

 consist of from two to four rows of cells. 

 This bark contains a considerable amount 

 of starch and tannin. — Merck's Report. 



(To be continued.) 



Otto of Rose in Bulgaria. — I had occasion, 

 in last year's report, to draw attention to the 

 inaccuracy of the figures given by the custom 

 house as representing the exportation of this 

 article. This is again stated for 1894 as between 

 15,000b and i6,oool., whereas almost the whole 

 of the crop, a good average one of about 2,000 

 kilos, was exported at prices between 900 and 

 1,200 francs per kilo. France, Germany, the 

 United States, and Great Britain were the prin- 

 cipal buyers. 



The adulteration to which otto of roses has 

 always been subjected, seems hardly to have 

 been checked by the prohibition imposed by 

 the Government on the importation into Bul- 

 garia of the adulterating medium, essence of 

 geragate to Kezanlik, hence the otto which 

 reaches the European markets in a pure state 

 must be very small. Last summer the British 

 Chamber of Commerce at Constantinople sent 

 a delegate to Kezanlik, the principal otto pro- 

 ducing centre, with a view to procuring an ab- 

 solutely pure sample to serve as a standard for 

 purposes of comparison. This gentleman, how- 

 ever, was obliged to return empty-handed, for 

 he ascertained that though the otto may not be 

 tampered with after reaching the merchants' 

 hands, there is no means of insuring that the 

 peasant, whose stock the latter buys up, has not 

 already adulterated it. Supervision during dis- 

 tillation is no guarantee, for the ingenious peas- 

 ant is in the habit of sprinkling essence of gera- 

 nium over the freshly gathered roses before 

 distillation in order to increase the yield. Con- 

 gelation at a certain temperature, which is prin- 

 cipally relied on as a test of purity, is quite 

 fallacious. 



I hear that the cultivation of the Kezanlik 

 rose has been started with some success at 

 Brousse, in Asia Minor, by mussulmau refugees 

 from this district. — British Consular Report. 



