November, 1920 



1919. 



Apple blossoming date, May 9-25. 



Calyx spray date, May 27-June 7. 



Flight spring moths, June 25. 



Larvae full grown (1st brood) July 22. 



Flight summer moths, August 7-Sep- 

 tember 15. 



Second brood larvae entering apples. 

 August 10. 



Cover spray dates, June 30-July 11. 



Third spray date, August 19-26. 

 Band examinations— 



(1) July 4-9. 



(2) Julv 30-August 9. 



(3) August 11-20. 



(4) August 25 to September 15. 



(5) September 20 to October 6. 



(6) October 27 to November 17. 

 Orchard Operations in Infested Areas. 



Just as soon as the presence of larvae 

 of the codling moth is realized in any- 

 given orchard section, all trees are at 

 once banded. Usually records of new 

 infested areas become known in the 

 autumn or late summer. All that re- 

 mains to be done, therefore, in the au- 

 tumn of the year is to examine the 

 burlap bands and to closely supervise 

 the picking and packing operations. 

 The following spring a quarantine area 

 is established and the following pro- 

 cedure is undergone: 



(1) All trees are banded. 



(2) Periodical inspections are given 

 the bands and main tree trunks com- 

 mencing in April for over-wintering 

 larvae, and from early June onward, 

 as many times as possible, but at least 

 six times before November 15. 



(3) Windfalls from July onward are 

 destroyed when possible. 



(4) Two or three spray applications 

 commencing with the calyx spray are 

 given. (Calyx, first cover, June 25- 

 July 5; second cover, August 1-10.) 



(5) All root sucker growth, loose 

 bark and dead wood is removed. 



(6) Old neglected trees are pruned 

 back to accomodate the spraying oper- 

 ations. 



(7) Under certain conditions all 

 fruit is removed from the trees before 

 the end of June, but the trees are 

 sprayed and banded in the usual 

 manner. 



Fruit Disposal in Infested Area. The 

 present method of handling an area in- 

 fested with codling moth is somewhat 

 as follows: 



(1) A quarantine area is formed with 

 an allowance made for treatment of a 

 contiguous area not necessarily infested. 



(2) All apple and pear fruit is 

 closely inspected before shipment, and 

 inspectors are notified when shipments 

 are intended. 



(3) All fruit is packed in the in- 

 fested area, no fruit being allowed to 

 be handled in a packing house through 

 which fruit from a non-infested area is 

 passed. 



(4) All orchard boxes used in quar- 

 antine area must remain in such area 



•unless passed by an inspector. 



(5) All fruit in infested areas is 

 loaded into railway cars by the most 

 direct route, and no such fruit is al- 



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lowed to be sold in the Province or for 

 export from Canada. 



(6) Loose or unpacked fruit must 

 not be removed from a quarantined 

 area without permission, and no fruit 

 may be stored in cellars or houses with- 

 out proper inspection. 



(7) Cull fruits must be at once made 

 use of or be destroyed. 



Division of Labor. In the years gone 

 by and at present all areas in the Prov- 

 ince of British Columbia infested with 

 the codling moth have been and are 

 still under Government control. The 

 necessary operations are undertaken 

 according to the foregoing policies. In 

 consequence of which the Provincial 

 Department of Agriculture stands re- 

 sponsible for part of the cost. In 

 broad outline the Federal Entomolog- 

 ical Branch reviews the life history and 

 the Provincial Horticultural Department 

 handles the field control in co-operation 

 with the growers affected. 



The plan that has been effected is as 

 follows: 



The Provincial Department supplies 

 the bands, applies and inspects them 

 providing the necessary labor and ap- 

 pliances for the same; the necessary 

 number of power spraying machines, 

 with gasoline, oil and repairs; an en- 

 gineer nozzleman with each spraying 

 outfit, and supplies of arsenate of lead; 

 the labor necessary for the removal of 

 sucker growth, dead bark and super- 

 fluous wood within certain limits, and 

 for the removal of fruit from the trees 

 when such procedure is deemed neces- 

 sary. The Department also stands re- 

 sponsible for the inspection of all fruit 

 within the quarantine area and for the 

 supervision of the railway fruit cars 

 entering orchard districts. The growers 

 supply the necessary teams of horses 

 for the transportation of the spraying 

 machines through the orchards and 

 from one orchard to another; the requi- 

 site drivers and extra nozzlemen. They 

 also pick and pack their own fruit and 

 purchase the spraying materials, which 

 are laid down by the Department. 

 The Cost Per Acre. 



Three-year period— 1917-18-19. 



To To 

 Dept. Grower 



Banding material $ .38 



Labor, bands, inspection . . 2.39 



Repairs, gasoline, oil, etc.. 1.95 



Engineer labor 1.90 . . . . . 



Arsenate of lead $ 1.52 



Team, labor for spraying 5.23 



Fruit inspection 2.25 



Inspector's salary, (5 mo.. . 4.47 



Page 5 



which are sent into British Columbia 

 empty to receive shipments of local 

 fruits. 



Arrangements are made with the 

 agents of the railway companies where- 

 by inspectors are notified when empty 

 railway cars arrive. Immediate in- 

 spection is at once made and only cer- 

 tified clean cars are allowed to con- 

 tinue on their way to other orchard 

 sections. Infested cars are iced at once, 

 kept closed and loaded with local fruit, 

 the cars being carefully cleaned and 

 the sweepings burnt. The cost of rail- 

 way car inspection approximates 50 

 cents per car. 



Steps are being taken now to intro- 

 duce a system of car disinfection by 

 steam, and preliminary experiments 

 have already been carried on with ex- 

 cellent results, but thus far the scheme 

 has not been put into general practice. 

 As a result of the work of codling moth 

 control in British Columbia we are able 

 to claim that the insect can be eradi- 

 cated from any given seat of infesta- 

 tion. The most important problem that 

 confronts us, however, is the treatment 

 of cars to prevent reinfestation. We 

 appeal to our friends in the Western 

 United States to do all in their power 

 to maintain a state of car cleanliness 

 for their own good as well as for ours. 

 It should pay handsomely, and with 

 proper control on importations, estab- 

 lished centers of infestation may be 

 reasonably handled by departments in 

 co-operation with the growers. This 

 last point cannot be too strongly em- 

 phasized — co-operation with the grow- 

 ers. We contend that no reform move- 

 ment or legislative act is of any avail 

 unless public opinion supports it. We 

 are fortunate, in British Columbia, in 

 that our growers are thoroughly alive 

 to the serious import of the codling 

 moth, and what success we, as Depart- 

 ment officials, have had in codling moth 

 eradication is as much due to the hearty 

 co-operation of our local orchardists as 

 to other factors. We cannot bespeak 

 too strongly the importance of this as- 

 pect of the problem, and we would 

 leave you with the suggestion that the 

 first and most important phase of the 

 codling moth eradication is the growers' 

 co-operative movement. After that, pro- 

 cedures are comparatively simple. 



Cost per acre $13.34 $ 6.75 



Average cost per tree 25 .13 



Average number trees per acre, 52. 



Railway Fruit Cars. In the belief 

 that railroad fruit cars are the principal 

 method of introducing the codling moth 

 into new sections, very careful consid- 

 eration has been given the method of 

 handling such cars. 



The various outbreaks that have oc- 

 curred in the Province so far have, in 

 the main, been traced to imported fruit 

 cars, which have carried infested fruit 

 :il senile time during the season and 



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