MICHIGAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 47 



contiiuiiug- that discussion the second main division oi" llie working 

 rules, the enforcement of provisions should be treated. 



The enforcement provisions of the rules are by far more numerous 

 than those on general principles. As with all legislation, compre- 

 hensive enforcement provisions are imperative. These provisions 

 fall into five main divisions: first, penalties; secondly, provisions to 

 secure prosecution of the employer; thirdly, to expedite procedure; 

 fourthly, to facilitate conviction ; and, fifthly, to secure administra- 

 tive enforcement through the Arbitration Board, the District Coun- 

 cil, the Business Agent and the Stewards. 



First. Penalties for violation are generally used. They serve as 

 an auxiliary to the other types of enforcement. In some few cases, 

 a liability in the form of suspension is used, but a fine of from five 

 to twenty-five dollars is the usual method of forcing observance of 

 the rules. 



Second. The District Council prosecutes cases for the workmen, 

 particularly cases of injured men. In case of accident, the steward 

 is directed to "gather such evidence as may be useful to the injured 

 member and notify the District Council at once." Such informa- 

 tion is used by the District Council as its officers deem to the best 

 interest of the injured workmen who are not able to collect the evi- 

 dence on the cases at the time, and the entire personnel of the work- 

 men may be changed before they become able. This rule gives the 

 injured workmen the service of the union in prosecuting the em- 

 ployer for claims under the workmen's compensation act. 



Tiiird. The great injustice in much of the ordinary legislation 

 arises from the numerous impediments in its enforcement. The 

 carpenters have attempted to expedite the procedure so as to assure 

 speedy administration of justice. The apprentices are given the 

 benefit of the service of the Arbitration Board in determining 

 whether proper instruction is being given them. Thus an apprentice 

 has a speedy adjustment should he not be getting proper instruc- 

 tion. Responsibilities are definitely lodged in certain offices and 

 are well limited and defined. Injustices to journeymen are ad- 

 ministered with the same celerity. This makes possible a speedy 

 administration of justice. 



Fourth. Everj^ member of the union is charged with tiie obliga- 

 tion to assist in the conviction of offenders. One rule provides that 

 '•any member refusing to give the actual conditions of a building or 

 job when so requested by the business agent shall be reported and 

 fined." The certainty of responsibility and directness of appeal 

 facilitate conviction. The Arbitration Board's bi-monthly meetings 

 and the efficiency of the business agents of the employers and em- 



