MICHIGAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 57 



pay. He might also be obliged to wait in the office or go more than 

 once for his pay. Under such circumstances he would lose much 

 time and several car fares, hence the need for a definite place for 

 payment, as well as a definite pay day and payment in currency. 



The second general division of the principles of legislation 

 brought out in the rules are their methods. The methods of en- 

 forcing specific rules will be treated under the head of enforcement 

 provisions. ^lethods, in the sense here interpreted, cover those ac- 

 tions of the union which provide for the general direction or gen- 

 eral ])olicy for enforcing specific provisions. Arbitration, collective 

 bargaining, strike, union shop, and mutual aid are the union meth- 

 ods in this general sense. As the Arbitration Board, District 

 Council, penalties for violation, direction to agents, etc., are the 

 specific enforcement methods, the former might be considered meth- 

 ods in the abstract sense and the latter in the concrete sense. 



At a recent meeting of the Commission on Industrial Relations 

 (1014) in Chicago, the representative of the Building Trades Coun- 

 cil said that in his opinion the interests of labor and capital could 

 best l)e conserved under a system of "complete control of the union 

 and employers' associations in their respective spheres." This abso- 

 lute control of the two organizations make it possible for the repre- 

 sentatives to bargain collectively. Such absolute control virtually 

 exists noNv with the carpenters and their employers. The officers 

 are able to enter into contracts and the union and the employers' 

 associations exercise sufficient control over their membership to 

 enforce most of such contracts. Their conservative attitudes promj^t 

 them to enter into this business-like relation, and their efforts to 

 increase their wages continually are advanced by it. 



Arbitration is one of the carpenters' methods in this general sense. 

 Arbitration is a part of their scheme for collective bargaining. Even 

 the journeymen regard their type of arbitration unreal and a mis- 

 nomer. One. person expressed this interpretation in most em- 

 phatic language. '"We don't have arbitration. It is conciliation, 

 a part of collective bargaining." (*154.) Another expressed the 

 same idea by saying, "arbitration involves complying with the de- 

 cision of an arbitration board selected by the State or some agency 

 other than the union. Our arbitration is not that type." (*154.) 

 The carpenters do not have even a voluntary type of arbitration. 

 They do not agree to arbitrate anything, except, that the arbitors be 

 selected chiefly from the unions and do not agree to accept the deci- 

 sion arrived at by such a board. Their objection to arbitration is 

 that no unprejudiced judge can be found. (*154.) The second 

 method is collective bargaining. 



