MICHIGAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 59 



The f<vmpalhetic f<ti-il<i' is even moi-e nnpoinihir. The uucoiiU'ulled 

 selfishuess of the craft iinionisls has full sway on this type of labor 

 action. Several men ex[)lained this Avlien they said, ''the carpenters 

 don't care much about the other trades as most of the troubles arise 

 from jurisdicticmal disputes, which leave much bitter feeling, and 

 they don't care anyhow." (*G8.) Many journeymen also feel that 

 the sympathetic strike is a means by which one craft forces another 

 craft to fight the former's fights. (*73.) This they said the car- 

 penters "got tired of." (*70.) Thus the sympathetic strike is un- 

 desirable from even a trade point of view. 



The cooperation ordinarily secured through the sympathetic strike 

 is obtained by custom in the building trades. Although the car- 

 penters expressly agree "not to leave their work because other than 

 union men in any other line of work are employed on the building 

 or job .. etc." (Art. 12), the men are well informed that it is 

 against their interest to work under such conditions. In spite of 

 the above mentioned agreement, union men will not work with non- 

 union men of other trades. "No employer would attempt to employ 

 non-union men . . for . . he . . would be heavily fined by the em- 

 ployers' association . . and so many inconveniences would be put 

 in his way by the union that he couldn't do it. (*68.) Through 

 this intertrade cooperation the building trades are able to assist 

 each other without the use of the sympathetic strike. 



The last of their methods to be mentioned is that of mutual aid. 

 Sick and death benefits are provided for through the national or- 

 ganization. There may be some who defend this method as a means 

 of preventing underbidding, on the ground that unemployed men 

 and men in great need will underbid under the necessity of poverty 

 and not otherwise. The primary motive, however, is probably a 

 desire to help the injured and sick as well as provide for some of the 

 needs of widows and orphans. 



The third general division of the principles of legislation in the 

 carpenters' rules is union policies. A well organized and efficient 

 union has definite policies just as a well organized and efficient 

 business must have definite policies. Occasionally the policies of a 

 business become characterized by some slogan such as "always be- 

 lieve the customer." It is the present policy of the United States 

 Steel Co. to sell steel rails cheaper abroad than at home (large scale 

 production and the tariff make this profitable). It is also known 

 that it was the policy of the Carnegie Steel Co. not to employ 

 union labor. These are instances of business policies. The union 

 policies differ in nature because the nature of the union's business 

 is different from the above mentioned business policies. A union or 



