MICHIGAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 61 



agreements with the emploj-ers. This control of the personnel is 

 desirable from the contractor's point of view also. Tlu' union 

 guarantees to supply all of the men needed in the trade so that 

 the contractors know that they will always have a supply of able 

 and well controlled workmen. This is also of great value to society. 

 Under the regime of a strong union, construction work, when begun, 

 is not delayed. 



The control exercised over the tools and machinery is vei"y little. 

 The carpenters attempt to limit the jouraeymen to the use of only 

 such tools as will keep the trade a hand trade. The patent mitre 

 box is not owned by the journeyman, because it makes their tools 

 too heavy to carry. (*120-122.) The sledge hammer and spike 

 maul are seldom used and are su])]>lied by the contractor. 



The same control over the materials used by the journeymen is 

 explained differently. Only staircases, made by the mill workers 

 of Chicago, may be placed by the Chicago carpenters. They either 

 regard this as carpenter's work (*123-124,) or undertake to keep 

 the millworkers employed. (*124-125.) One official hinted at the 

 reason the carpenters did not demand all union made materials 

 when he said, "the carpenters attempt to compel the contractors to 

 agree to install onl}- union made trim, doors, etc., but failed princi- 

 pally because that would have given the manufacturer a monopoly 

 of the trade, who would "rob and extort" the consumer to the detri- 

 ment of the union and the public. (*12.5.) This opinion is not 

 generally shared by the jounieymen, especially not in the case of 

 union made tools, machinery, etc. Probably the carpenters more 

 generally agree with their official organ, the "Carpenter," (Vol. 33, 

 No. 2, p. 15), when it says, "Unionism also teaches him that the 

 wages he earns should be expended in the purchase of goods bear- 

 ing the union label, that he may thus reward those employers who 

 deal fairly with their help and at the same time punish those em- 

 ployers who do not." The Chicago carpenters would therefore 

 probably })refer the further limitation of the use of materials but 

 have not been in position to get greater limitations included in 

 their agreement. 



Thii-d, limitations of output. Many rules indirectly limit the 

 output. Even the eight hour day limits the output, because men 

 may work only eight hours. Barring the argument that men can 

 do as much in eight hours as they can in ten, this rule alone limits 

 the output a])proximately twenty per cent. Holidays have the same 

 effect upon the limitation of output. This type of limitation of out- 

 put is however little objected to in any trade. There is a less praise- 

 worthy type, — that of limiting the amount of work any journeyman 



