234 MICHIGAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 



The chief ways of making use of fruit unfit for market is by evapor- 

 ating, canning, jelly-making, preserving and in the manufacture of cider, 

 vinegar, and spirits. Time does not suffice to take these up separately, 

 and it remains only to be said that in recent jears a revolution has been 

 worked in making use of waste fruits. Formerly fruits were dried, 

 canned, etc., only in the home and for home use, or possibly for trading 

 at the country store. For most part the home industry has been given 

 up and the preparation of fruit as above outlined has become a business 

 carried on by specialists. The fruit groAver has nothing to do but to de- 

 liver his wares to the manufacturing establishment. So important has 

 this matter of utilization of waste products become that fruit manu- 

 facturing establishments are now considered an absolute necessity in 

 fruit growing centers. At the last census there were in the United 

 States 30,000 canning and evaporating factories, giving rise to the em- 

 ployment of about 1,000,000 people in the canning season. It must be 

 said, however, that the majority of these Avere handling vegetables rather 

 than fruit. 



There are many other problems that might be discussed here but time 

 forbids. There are, too, other marvels in horticultural progress which 

 might well be set forth, but the examples given are sufiicient for illus- 

 tration. I am well aware that much of the matter here discussed per- 

 tains to commerce rather than horticulture, but I again assert that they, 

 the economic factors, are most largely responsible for the phenomenal 

 extension of horticultural interests in recent years. 



