Common Birds on the Farm. 293 



pipe line and leading to the sewer, the entire system may be drained 

 by turning the stop in the drain, and turning stop cock off in pressure 

 tank so you need not drain the pressure tank. This may, when ex- 

 treme cold snaps come, prevent the annoyance and expense of bursted 

 pipes. 



Soil pipe should be used in and under the house exclusively. Do 

 not depend on drain tile, for fear of leaks. I would advise that drain 

 tile be used outside of building. If it is used under the house it is 

 liable to crack and cause a seep which might result in a typhoid fever 

 epidemic. The soil pipe should be calked tight with lead and all 

 joints should fit perfectly tight. All discharge from washbasins, sinks, 

 stools, etc., should be made into this pipe. The main soil pipe should 

 be four inches in diameter. Wash basin pipes need not be larger than 

 two inches. Be careful that connections are made tight into the main 

 sewer pipe. The drain pipe should always enter the main sewer pipe 

 on top, so as not to interfere with the passage of soil. The soil pipe 

 in and under the house should have a fall of at least one inch to the 

 foot and more is preferable. AA^here it enters the outside of the build- 

 ing one-half inch to the foot is all that is necessary. A large drain 

 tile — say six inches — is never an objection, and may save a great deal 

 of work afterwards. If any drain pipes pass well or cistern, you should 

 use iron soil pipe well calked, as any seepage from drain pipe might 

 cause typhoid. Soil pipe fittings should always be used where one 

 pipe enters another. Where soil pipe enters tile at foundation of 

 house a soil pipe trap should be put in to prevent gases from sewer 

 pipe from passing into house. A good idea is to run a piece of soil 

 pipe, with a plug in it, up above the ground so that you may at any 

 time pour water into it and flush it out. Where the closet is attached 

 to soil pipe a branch should be put in and run out through top of 

 house in order to allow the gas to pass out, also to keep down noise 

 from closet as this stops the suction noise that sounds through the 

 house. A cover, similar to those used on ordinary flues, should be put 

 on this pipe to keep out sparrows and any sticks that might fall in, and 

 to allow free passage of air. It is always a good idea, in installing a 

 water system, to leave a few plugs (or T's) vacant so that in case 

 you later desire to put in other fixtures you can tap in and also have 

 drain to sewer. This is not necessary, but is only a suggestion. 



Always leave one or more plugs in main pipe from pressure tank 

 so that they may be tapped at any time you should wish to put in 

 hydrant or run water to any other part of place. 



Galvanized iron pipe is easily installed and is nearly as good 

 as any. Lead pipe, which is often acted upon by certain substances 



